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Name: __________________________ Biology 42 Midterm Review (revised 2016) Chapter 1: Science of Biology Big ideas: 1. Nature of scientific investigations 2. Characteristics of living things Terms 1. Science 2. observation 3. hypothesis 4. controlled experiment 5. independent variable 6. dependent variable 7. control group 8. data 9. theory 10. biology 11. homeostasis 12. metabolism 13. biosphere Key Concepts 1. What are the steps of the scientific method? Design an experiment to test the effects of vitamin supplements on the growth of mice. 2. What are the characteristics of living things? Be able to explain each one. Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Big ideas: 1. Chemical organization of life Terms Atom Nucleus Electron Element Isotope Compound Ionic bond Covalent bond Hydrogen bond Molecule Cohesion Adhesion Solution Solute Solvent pH monomers polymers macromolecules carbohydrates monosaccharides lipids nucleic acids nucleotides proteins amino acids reactants products activation energy enzymes substrate active site Key Concepts 1. Describe the structure of an atom. 2. Distinguish between covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. 3. Describe the unique properties of water. 4. Identify the 4 macromolecules. Describe the monomers of those macromolecules, give an example of each, and describe some functions of each. 5. Describe the function of an enzyme. 6. Why are enzymes important in organisms? Chapter 3: The Biosphere Big ideas 1. Matter and energy 2. Interdependence in nature Terms Biosphere Species Population Community Ecology Ecosystem Biome Biotic factor Abiotic factor Autotroph Primary producer Photosynthesis Chemosynthesis Heterotroph Consumer Carnivore Herbivore Scavenger Omnivore Decomposer Detritivore Food Chain Phytoplankton Zooplankton Food web Trophic level Primary consumer, secondary consumer Biomass Biogeochemical cycles Water cycle Carbon cycle Key Concepts 1. How do organisms interact and depend on each other and their environment for survival? 2. Describe the levels of organization in ecology. 3. Construct a food web with the following organisms: hawk, corn plants, grasshopper, mouse, fox, acorns. 4. What are the different trophic levels? What types of organisms would you find in the trophic levels? Are those organisms producers or consumers? If they are consumers, are they herbivores, omnivores or carnivores? 5. What limits the number of trophic levels that can exist in an ecosystem? 6. Describe the 4 biogeochemical cycles. 7. Evaluate the role that humans play in the disturbance of those cycles and describe the potential effects that this might have on the planet. Chapter 4: Ecosystems and Communities Big idea Interdependence in nature Abiotic and biotic factors shape ecosystems Terms Weather Climate Greenhouse effect Habitat Niche Resource Predation Keystone species Symbiosis Mutualism Parasitism Commensalism Ecological succession Primary succession Pioneer species Secondary succession Biome Key Concepts 1. How does weather differ from climate? 2. What factors determine global climate? 3. What is a niche? 4. What are the three primary type of symbiosis? Give an example of each. 5. How do communities change over time? 6. What abiotic and biotic factors characterize biomes? 7. What is succession? Chapter 5: Populations Big idea Interdependence in nature Change in populations Terms Population density Immigration Emigration Exponential growth Logistic growth Carrying capacity Limiting factor Density dependent Density independent Key Concepts 1. What factors contribute to changes in populations? 2. Describe exponential growth. 3. Describe logistic growth. 4. What factors determine carrying capacity? 5. What limiting factors depend on population density? 6. What limiting factors do not depend on population density? 7. How have human activities shaped local and global ecology? Chapter 6: Humans in the Biosphere Please refer to handout from group projects/presentations Terms: Renewable resources Non-renewable resources Sustainable development Biodiversity Global warming Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function Big ideas 1. Cellular basis of life 2. Homeostasis Terms Cell Cell theory Cell membrane Nucleus Eukaryote Prokaryote Cytoplasm Organelle Vacuole Lysosome Cytoskeleton Centriole Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Mitochondrion Cell well Lipid bilayer Selectively permeable Passive transport Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active transport Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Homeostasis Celltissueorganorgan systemorganism Key Concepts 1. List and describe the 3 components of the cell theory. 2. Describe a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. Describe the major differences between the two types of cells. 3. How are different cell structures adapted to their specific functions? 4. How does the plasma membrane regulate the movement of materials in and out of the cell? 5. Differentiate between passive and active transport. Chapter 8: Photosynthesis Big ideas Cellular basis of life Cells require energy to support life processes Terms ATP Heterotroph Autotroph Photosynthesis Pigment Chlorophyll Thylakoid Stroma NADP+ Light dependent reactions Light independent reactions Calvin cycle Key Concepts 1. What is the role of ATP in cells? What bonds are broken to release the energy from ATP? 2. What happens in photosynthesis? 3. What is the role of pigments in photosynthesis? 4. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis? 5. What happens in the light dependent reactions? 6. What happens in the light independent reactions? 7. What factors affect photosynthesis? Chapter 9: Cell Respiration and Fermentation Big ideas Cellular basis of life Cells require energy to support life processes Terms Cellular respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Glycolysis NAD+ Krebs Cycle ETC Fermentation Key Concepts 1. How do heterotrophs obtain energy? 2. What is cellular respiration? 3. How do the processes of cellular respiration and photosynthesis relate to eachother? 4. Describe what happens in the following: Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain 5. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? 6. When does fermentation occur? Why is fermentation important? Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division Big ideas Growth, development and reproduction Terms: Cell division Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Chromosome Chromatin Chromatid Cell cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Growth factors Cancer Tumor Embryo Differentiation Stem cell Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotent Key Concepts 1. How do asexual and sexual reproduction compare? 2. Why does cell division occur? (Three reasons) 3. What are the main events of the cell cycle? Describe what happens in each stage. 4. How is the cell cycle regulated? 5. What is different about cancer cells compared to other cells? 6. What is differentiation?
