Download MCAS Review Booklet

MCAS REVIEW
BOOKLET
2007-2008
Mrs. Melanson
STUDENT NAME
________________
BLOCK
These booklets are MCAS review booklets. Each strand from the Massachusetts State
Frameworks is addressed with its corresponding chapter section (s) and pages from the
textbook along with key concepts to answer and key vocabulary terms to define. In addition
to the questions and vocabulary, you should take notes on the section in the space provided
and draw out any important diagrams from the text. When in doubt, ask. Each of these
framework strands needs to be mastered for the MCAS test in June.
These booklets are to stay in class at all times.
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1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. The six most
common are C, H, N, O, P, and S.
2-3 Carbon Compounds (p.44-48)
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1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of organic
molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).
2-3 Carbon Compounds (p.44-48)
Key Concept
What are the functions of each group of organic compounds?
Vocabulary
monomer
polymer
carbohydrate
monosaccharide
polysaccharide
lipid
nucleic acid
nucleotide
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
protein
amino acid
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1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions.
Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes.
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes (p. 49-53)
Key Concepts
What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions?
How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur?
Why are enzymes important to living things?
Vocabulary
chemical reaction
reactant
product
activation energy
catalyst
enzyme
substrate
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2.1
Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm,
mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall,
chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain the role of cell
membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport).
7-2 Cell Structure (p. 173-183)
7-3 Movement through the Membrane (p. 184-189)
Key Concept
What are the functions of the major cell structures?
Vocabulary
organelle
cytoplasm
nuclear envelope
chromatin
chromosome
nucleolus
ribosome
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
lysosome
vacuole
mitochondrion
chloroplast
cytoskeleton
centriole
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Key Concepts
What are the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall?
What happens during diffusion?
What is osmosis?
Vocabulary
cell membrane
cell wall
lipid bilayer
concentration
diffusion
equilibrium
osmosis
isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic
facilitated diffusion
active transport
endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
exocytosis
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2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
7-1 Life is Cellular (p. 169-172)
Key Concepts
What is the cell theory?
What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Vocabulary
cell
cell theory
nucleus
eukaryote
prokaryote
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2.3 Use cellular evidence (e.g., cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition
to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Animalia).
18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Key Concepts
What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified?
What is the three-domain system of classification?
Vocabulary
domain
bacteria
Eubacteria
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
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2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of
photosynthetic organisms.
8-2 Photosynthesis (p. 204-207)
8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis (p. 208-214)
9-1 Chemical Pathways (p. 221-225)
9-2 The Krebs Cycle and the Electric Transport (p. 226-232)
Key Concepts
What did the experiments of van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants
grow?
What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
Vocabulary
photosynthesis
pigment
chlorophyll
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Key Concepts
What happens in the light-dependent reactions?
What is the Calvin cycle?
Vocabulary
thylakoid
photosystem
stroma
NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)
light-dependent reactions
ATP synthase
Calvin cycle
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Key Concepts
What is cellular respiration?
What happens during the process of glycolysis?
What are the two main types of fermentation?
Vocabulary
calorie
glycolysis
cellular respiration
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
fermentation
anaerobic
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Key Concepts
What happens during the Krebs cycle?
How are high-energy electrons used by the electron transport
chain?
Vocabulary
aerobic
Krebs cycle
electron transport chain
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2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism.
8-1 Energy and Life (p. 201-203)
Key Concepts
Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?
What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?
Vocabulary
autotroph
heterotroph
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of
new cells, and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual
reproduction.
10-2 Cell Division (p. 244-249)
Key Concept
What problems does growth cause for cells?
Vocabulary
cell division
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2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells. Explain the
importance of this process in sexual reproduction, and how gametes form diploid zygotes in
the process of fertilization.
11-4 Meiosis (p. 275-278)
Key Concepts
What happens during the process of meiosis?
How is meiosis different from mitosis?
Vocabulary
homologous
diploid
haploid
meiosis
tetrad
crossing-over
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2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction.
19-2 Viruses (p. 478-483)
Key Concepts
What is the structure of a virus?
How do viruses cause infection?
Vocabulary
virus
capsid
bacteriophage
lytic infection
lysogenic infection
prophage
retrovirus
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3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by
complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and describe its function in genetic inheritance.
12-1 DNA (p. 287-294)
Key Concepts
What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA?
What is the overall structure of the DNA molecule?
Vocabulary
transformation
bacteriophage
nucleotide
base pairing
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3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and
conservation of the genetic code. Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation,
and how they result in the expression of genes. Distinguish among the end products of
replication, transcription, and translation.
12-2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication (p. 295-299)
12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis (300-306)
What happens during DNA replication?
Vocabulary
chromatin
histone
replication
DNA polymerase
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Key Concepts
What are the three main types of RNA?
What is transcription?
What is translation?
Vocabulary
gene
messenger RNA (mRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
transcription
RNA polymerase
promoter
intron
exon
codon
translation
anticodon
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3.3
Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in phenotypic
change in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in
offspring.
12-4 Mutations (p. 307-308)
Key Concept
What are mutations?
Vocabulary
mutation
point mutation
frameshift mutation
polyploidy
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3.4 Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of genetic traits
(dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple
alleles).
11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (p. 263-266)
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics (270-274)
Key Concepts
What is the principle of dominance?
What happens during segregation?
Vocabulary
genetics
fertilization
true-breeding
trait
hybrid
gene
allele
segregation
gamete
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Key Concepts
What is the principle of independent assortment?
What inheritance patterns exist aside from simple dominance?
Vocabulary
independent assortment
incomplete dominance
codominance
multiple alleles
polygenic trait
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3.5 Describe how Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment can be observed
through patterns of inheritance (e.g., dihybrid crosses).
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics (p. 270-274)
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3.6 Use a Punnett Square to determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations
in monohybrid crosses.
11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares (p. 267-269)
Key Concepts
How do geneticists use the principles of probability?
How do geneticists use Punnett squares?
Vocabulary
probability
Punnett square
homozygous
heterozygous
phenotype
genotype
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4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can
be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth.
38-2 The Process of Digestion (p.978-984)
Key Concepts
What are the organs of the digestive system?
What is the function of the digestive system?
Vocabulary
amylase
esophagus
peristalsis
stomach
chyme
small intestine
pancreas
liver
villus
large intestine
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4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells)
transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the
liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of
removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver
removes many toxic compounds from blood.
37-1 The Circulatory System (p. 943-950) – HEART
38-2 The Process of Digestion (p. 982) – (LIVER)
38-3 The Excretory System (985-989) – KIDNEYS
Key Concepts
What are the structures of the circulatory system?
What are the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system?
Vocabulary
myocardium
atrium
ventricle
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
valve
pacemaker
aorta
artery
capillary
vein
atherosclerosis
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Key Concepts
What are the functions of the kidneys?
How is blood filtered?
Vocabulary
kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
nephron
filtration
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
reabsorption
loop of Henle
urethra
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4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
37-3 The Respiratory System (p. 956-963)
Key Concepts
What is the function of the respiratory system?
How does smoking affect the respiratory system?
Vocabulary
pharynx
trachea
larynx
bronchus
alveolus
diaphragm
nicotine
emphysema
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4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates
communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body’s interactions with
the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain
generally how it works.
35-2 The Nervous System (p. 897-900)
Key Concepts
What are the functions of the nervous system?
How is a nerve impulse transmitted?
Vocabulary
neuron
cell body
dendrite
axon
myelin sheath
resting potential
action potential
threshold
synapse
neurotransmitter
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4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for
movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells.
36-1 The Skeletal System (921-925)
36-2 The Muscular System (926-931)
Key Concepts
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
What is the structure of a typical bone?
What are the three different kinds of joints?
Vocabulary
periosteum
Haversian canal
bone marrow
cartilage
ossification
joint
ligament
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Key Concepts
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
How do muscles contract?
Why is exercise important?
Vocabulary
myosin
actin
neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
tendon
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4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that
receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and
that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents.
39-3 The Reproductive System (p. 1009-1015)
Key Concepts
What are the main functions of the male and female reproductive systems?
What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?
Vocabulary
puberty
scrotum
seminiferous tubule
epididymis
vas deferens
urethra
penis
follicle
ovulation
Fallopian tube
uterus
vagina
menstrual cycle
corpus luteum
menstruation
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
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4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The
nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some
cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells.
39-1 The Endocrine System (997-1002)
35-2 The Nervous System (897-900)
Key Concepts
What is the function of the endocrine system?
How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?
Vocabulary
hormone
target cell
exocrine gland
endocrine gland
prostaglandin
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4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function
of a physiological feedback loop.
35-1 Human Body Systems (p. 891-896)
Key Concepts
How is the human body organized?
What is homeostasis?
Vocabulary
specialized cell
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissue
muscle tissue
homeostasis
feedback inhibition
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5.1
Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the fossil record, comparative
anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection.
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case (p. 378-386)
17-1 The Fossil Record (p.417-422)
Key Concepts
What was Charles Darwin's contribution to science?
What pattern did Darwin observe among organisms of the Galápagos Islands?
Vocabulary
evolution
theory
fossil
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Key Concepts
What is the fossil record?
What information do relative dating and radioactive dating provide about fossils?
What are the main divisions of the geologic time scale?
Vocabulary
paleontologist
fossil record
extinct
relative dating
index fossil
half-life
radioactive dating
geologic time scale
era
period
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5.2
Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms. Recognize that species are
further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities.
Describe the role that geographic isolation can play in speciation.
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity (p. 447-450)
18-2 Modern Evolutionary Classification (p. 451-455)
Key Concepts
How are living things organized for study?
What is binomial nomenclature?
What is Linnaeus's system of classification?
Vocabulary
taxonomy
binomial nomenclature
genus
taxon
family
order
class
phylum
kingdom
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Key Concepts
How are evolutionary relationships important in classification?
How can DNA and RNA help scientists determine evolutionary relationships?
Vocabulary
phylogeny
evolutionary classification
derived character
cladogram
molecular clock
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5.3
Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity through
the increase or decrease of genetic diversity within a population.
16.1 Genes and Variation (p. 393-396)
16-3 The Process of Speciation (p. 404-410)
Key Concepts
What are the main sources of heritable variation in a population?
How is evolution defined in genetic terms?
What determines the numbers of phenotypes for a given trait?
Vocabulary
gene pool
relative frequency
single-gene trait
polygenic trait
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Key Concepts
What factors are involved in the formation of new species?
Describe the process of speciation in the Galápagos finches.
Vocabulary
speciation
reproductive isolation
behavioral isolation
geographic isolation
temporal isolation
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6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size.
5-1 How Populations Grow (p. 119-123)
5-3 Human Population Growth (p. 129-132)
Key Concepts
What characteristics are used to describe a population?
What factors affect population size?
What are exponential growth and logistic growth?
Vocabulary
population density
immigration
emigration
exponential growth
logistic growth
carrying capacity
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Key Concepts
How has the size of the human population changed over time?
Why do population growth rates differ in countries throughout the world?
Vocabulary
demography
demographic transition
age-structure diagram
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Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the
following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, nonnative species.
4-2 What Shapes and Ecosystem? (p. 90-97)
5-2 Limits to Growth (p. 124-127)
6-3 Biodiversity (p. 150-156)
Key Concepts
How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem?
What interactions occur within communities?
What is ecological succession?
Vocabulary
biotic factor
abiotic factor
habitat
niche
resource
competitive exclusion principle
predation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
ecological succession
primary succession
pioneer species
secondary succession
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Key Concept
What factors limit population growth?
Vocabulary
limiting factor
density-dependent limiting factor
predator-prey relationship
density-independent limiting factor
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Key Concepts
What is the value of biodiversity?
What are the current threats to biodiversity?
What is the goal of conservation biology?
Vocabulary
biodiversity
ecosystem diversity
species diversity
genetic diversity
extinction
endangered species
habitat fragmentation
biological magnification
invasive species
conservation
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6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain
the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among organisms
(predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, mutualism) add to the complexity of
biological communities.
3-2 Energy Glow (p. 67-73)
Key Concepts
Where does the energy for life processes come from?
How does energy flow through living systems?
How efficient is the transfer of energy among organisms in an ecosystem?
Vocabulary
autotroph
producer
photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
heterotroph
consumer
herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
detritivore
decomposer
food chain
food web
trophic level
ecological pyramid
biomass
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6.4
Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in
an ecosystem, and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration.
3-3 Cycles of Matter (p. 74-80)
Key Concepts
How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?
How are nutrients important in living systems?
Vocabulary
biogeochemical cycle
evaporation
transpiration
nutrient
nitrogen fixation
denitrification
primary productivity
limiting nutrient
algal bloom
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