Download Reading Guides 19, 27, 28, 30

Reading Guides: Chapters 19, 27, 28, and 31
Chapter 19:
1. Describe the experiments and the findings of the following: Mayer;
Ivanowsky; Beijerinck; Stanley
2. Describe the structure of a virus. What is the structure and function of the
following structures: genome, capsid, envelope?
3. Describe a simplified viral reproductive cycle.
4. Describe the lytic cycle.
5. Describe the lysogenic cycle.
6. What are phages?
7. What are the common reproductive cycles of animal viruses? Describe those
cycles.
8. What are the primary classes of animal viruses? What are the differences
between those classes?
9. How can RNA act as the genetic material in a virus?
10. What is the role of reverse transcriptase in some viruses?
11. What is the role of viral envelopes?
12. How can viral diseases be prevented in animals?
13. What are vaccines?
14. What is an epidemic? What is pandemic?
15. What are some emerging viruses? What are properties of these viruses?
16. How can viruses be involved in the development of some cancers?
17. What are some examples of plant viruses? Why are they significant?
18. What are viroids? Why are they significant?
19. What are prions? Why are they significant?
20. Why is it believed that viruses may have evolved from mobile genetic
elements?
Chapter 27:
1.
2.
3.
4.
What are the common shapes of prokaryotes? Describe each one.
How are gram-positive bacteria different from gram negative ones?
What is peptidoglycan? How is it involved in the prokaryote cell wall?
How can lipopolysaccharide be incorporated in bacterial cell walls? How
does it effect the structure and function of the cell wall?
5. Describe the following prokaryote features: capsule, fimbriae, pili, flagellum.
6. Describe the genome of a bacterium.
7. How is the prokaryote genome different from a eukaryote?
8. What is a plasmid?
9. What are endospores? What are they used for?
10. How can rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote
genetic diversity in bacteria?
11. Describe the following: transformation, conjugation, and conduction.
12. What is the f factor? Describe its role.
13. What are R plasmids? What are their roles?
14. What are each of the following: photoautotroph, chemoautotroph,
photoheterotroph, chemoheterotroph?
15. What are obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, and facultative anaerobes?
16. What is nitrogen fixation?
17. What is a biofilm?
18. What are the major Archaea groups?
19. What are the traits of the organisms in each of the major Archaea groups?
20. What are the major Bacteria groups?
21. What are the traits of the organisms in each of the major Bacteria groups?
22. What are some ecological roles of prokaryotes?
23. What does it mean to be pathogenic? Why are some prokaryotes pathogenic?
24. What are endotoxins and exotoxins?
25. What is bioremediation?
Chapter 28:
1. What is a protist? What are some traits common to most protists?
2. Describe the process of endosymbiosis as it would have occurred in the
evolution of eukaryotes.
3. What are the major supergroups of protists? What are traits of each?
4. Describe each of the following protist groups. What supergroup, why in that
group, what are major features of the specific group and describe its
structure? Diplomonads, Parabasalids, Euglenazoans, Dinoflagellates,
Apicomplexans, Ciliates, Diatoms, Golden Algae, Brown Algae, Oomycetes,
Chlorarachniophytes, Forams, Radiolarians, Red Algae, Chlorophytes,
Charophyceans, Slime Molds, Gymnamoebas, Entamoebas, Nucleariids,
Choanoflagellates.
5. Why is the protest phylogeny and classification so incomplete?
Chapter 31:
1. What are the general features of all organisms in the Kingdom Fungi?
2. How have fungi adapted to be efficient decomposers who rely on absorption for
nutrition?
3. Describe the fungal anatomy and body plan. What are the major functions of
each structure?
4. Describe the generalized fungal life cycle.
5. How are plasmogamy and karyogamy different from one another?
6. How are fungi related to protists and to animals phylogenetically? Which
protists are similar to the protist ancestors of fungi?
7. What are the primary features of organsims in Phylum Chytridomycota?
8. What are the primary features of the fungi in Phylum Zygomycota?
9. Describe the basic life cycle of the fungi in Phylum Zygomycota.
10. What are the primary features of the fungi in Phylum Glomeromycota?
11. Describe the basic life cycle of the fungi in Phylum Gomeromycota.
12. What are the primary features of the fungi in Phylum Ascomycota?
13. Describe the basic life cycle of the fungi in Phylum Ascomycota.
14. What are the primary features of the fungi in Phylum Basidiomycota?
15. Describe the basic life cycle of the fungi in Phylum Basidiomycota.
16. What are the primary features of the deuteromycetes or the imperfect fungi?
How are molds an example of an imperfect fungi? What are other examples of
imperfect fungi?
17. Why are unicellular organisms like yeast classified with the fungi rather than the
protists? How are they classified within the Fungi Kingdom?
18. What are lichens? Describe the symbiotic relationship that is responsible for
forming lichens. How do both organisms benefit from this relationship?
19. What are mycorrhizae? Describe the symbiotic relationship that is responsible
for forming mycorrhizae. How do both organisms benefit from this relationship?
20. What are the primary roles of fungi in ecosystems?
21. What are examples of pathogenic fungi? Explain how fungi can act as pathogens.
22. What are some other practical applications of fungi?