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CHAPTER 13
The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
PART I: REVIEWING THE CHAPTER
A. Checklist of Learning Objectives
After mastering this chapter, you should be able to:
1.
Describe and explain the growth of Mass Democracy in the 1820s.
2.
Indicate how the alleged corrupt bargain of 1824 and Adams’ unpopular presidency set the stage for Jackson’s
election in 1828.
3.
Analyze the celebration of Jackson’s victory in 1828 as a triumph of the New Democracy over the more
restrictive and elitist politics of the early Republic.
4.
Describe the political innovations of the 1830s, especially the rise of mass parties, Jackson’s use of the
presidency to stir up public opinion, and indicate their significance for American politics and society.
5.
Describe Jackson’s policies of westward expansion, his relations with the new Republic of Texas, and his
harsh removal of the southeastern Indian nations on the Trail of Tears.
6.
Explain Jackson’s economic and political motives for waging the bitter Bank War, and show how Jacksonian
economics crippled his successor Van Buren after the Panic of 1837.
7.
Describe the different ways that each of the new mass political parties, Democrats and Whigs, promoted the
democratic ideals of liberty and equality among their constituencies.
B. Glossary
To build your social science vocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms.
1.
deference The yielding of one’s opinion to the judgment of someone else, usually of higher social standing.
“The deference, apathy, and virtually nonexistent party organizations of the Era of Good Feelings yielded to
the boisterous democracy. . . .”
2.
puritanical Extremely or excessively strict in matters of morals or religion. “The only candidate left was the
puritanical Adams. . . .”
3.
mudslinging Malicious, unscrupulous attacks against an opponent. “Mudslinging reached new lows in
1828. . . .”
4.
spoils Public offices or other favors given as a reward for political support. “Under Jackson the spoils system
. . . was introduced on a large scale.”
5.
denominations In American religion, the major branches of Christianity, organized into distinct church
structures, such as Presbyterians, Baptists, Disciples of Christ, etc. “. . . many denominations sent missionaries
into Indian villages.”
6.
evangelical In American religion, those believers and groups, usually Protestant, who emphasize personal
salvation, individual conversion experiences, voluntary commitment, and the authority of Scripture. “The
Anti-Masons attracted support from many evangelical Protestant groups. . . .”
7.
hard money Metal money or coins, as distinguished from paper money. (The term also came to mean reliable
or secure money that maintained or increased its purchasing power over time. Soft money, or paper money,
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120
Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
was assumed to be inflationary and to lose value.) “. . . a decree that required all public lands to be purchased
with ‘hard’ . . . money.”
8.
usurpation The act of seizing, occupying, or enjoying the place, power, or functions of someone without legal
right. “Hatred of Jackson and his ‘executive usurpation’ was its only apparent cement in its formative days.”
9.
favorite sons In American politics, presidential candidates who are nominated by their own state, primarily
out of local loyalty, without expectation of winning. “Their long-shot strategy was instead to run several
prominent ‘favorite sons’ . . . and hope to scatter the vote so that no candidate could win a majority.”
10.
machine A hierarchical political organization, often controlled through patronage or spoils, where
professional politicians can deliver large blocs of voters to preferred candidates. “As a machine-made
candidate, he incurred the resentment of many Democrats. . . .”
11.
temperance Campaigns for voluntary commitment to moderation or total abstinence in the consumption of
liquor. (Prohibition involved instead forcible legal bans on the production or consumption of alcohol.) “. . . the
Arkansas Indians dubbed him ‘Big Drunk.’ He subsequently took the pledge of temperance.”
12.
populist A political program or style focused on the common people, and attacking perspectives and policies
associated with the well-off, well-born, or well-educated. (The Populist Party was a specific third-party
organization of the 1890s.) “The first was the triumph of a populist democratic style.”
13.
divine right The belief that government or rulers are directly established by God. “. . . America was now
bowing to the divine right of the people.”
PART II: CHECKING YOUR PROGRESS
A. True-False
Where the statement is true, circle T; where it is false, circle F.
1.
T
F
The last election based on the old elitist political system was the four-way presidential campaign
of 1824 involving Jackson, Clay, Crawford, and John Quincy Adams.
2.
T
F
Henry Clay disproved the charge of a corrupt bargain between himself and President Adams by
refusing to accept any favors from the new administration.
3.
T
F
President Adams lost public support by promoting strong nationalistic principles in a time of
growing support for sectionalism and states’ rights.
4.
T
F
Andrew Jackson became a great popular hero as president because he continued to live the same
life of frontier toughness and simplicity as his followers.
5.
T
F
The election campaign of 1828 was notable for the well-formulated debates between Andrew
Jackson and President Adams on the issues of the tariff and removal of the barriers to political
equality and democracy.
6.
T
F
Jackson’s victory in 1828 represented the triumph of the West and the common people over the
older elitist political system.
7.
T
F
The Jacksonians practiced their belief that because all citizens were equal, anyone could hold
public positions without particular qualifications.
8.
T
F
South Carolina’s fierce opposition to the Tariff of Abominations reflected an underlying fear that
enhanced federal power might be turned against the institution of slavery.
9.
T
F
Andrew Jackson used mediation and compromise rather than threats of force to persuade South
Carolina to back away from its nullification of the tariff laws.
10.
T
F
The powerful Cherokees of the southeastern United States fiercely resisted white efforts to alter
their traditional culture and way of life.
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Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
121
11.
T
F
When the Supreme Court ruled against the state of Georgia and in favor of southeastern Indians’
rights, Jackson defied the Supreme Court’s rulings and ordered the Cherokees and other
southeastern tribes forcibly removed to Oklahoma.
12.
T
F
Jackson successfully used his veto of the bill to recharter the wealthy Bank of the United States to
politically mobilize the common people of the West against the financial elite of the East.
13.
T
F
The Whig party was united by its principles of states’ rights, western expansionism, and
opposition to the role of evangelical Christianity in politics.
14.
T
F
A primary source of tension between settlers in Texas and the Mexican government was Mexico’s
abolition of slavery and prohibition of slave importation.
15.
T
F
William Henry Harrison’s background as an ordinary frontiersman born in a log cabin enabled
Whigs to match and exceed the Democrats’ appeal to the common man in the campaign of 1840.
B. Multiple Choice
Select the best answer and circle the corresponding letter.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Jacksonian charge that John Quincy Adams won the presidency through a corrupt bargain arose because
a.
William Crawford threw his electoral votes to Adams in exchange for a seat in the Senate.
b.
members of the House of Representatives claimed that they had been bribed to vote for Adams.
c.
Adams ended his previous opposition to Henry Clay’s American System.
d.
Jackson discovered that there had been vote fraud in several pro-Adams states.
e.
after Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, he was appointed secretary of state.
Which of the following was not among the factors that made John Quincy Adams’s presidency a political
failure?
a.
Adams’s attempts to treat Indians fairly.
b.
Adams’s involvement with corrupt machine deals and politicians.
c.
Adams’s stubborn and prickly personality.
d.
Adams’s support for national roads, a national university, and an astronomical observatory.
e.
Adams’s hostility to western land speculation and unlimited expansionism.
Andrew Jackson’s strong appeal to the common people arose partly because
a.
Americans finally understood the ideas of the Declaration of Independence.
b.
many citizens were tired of the partisan fights between Republicans and Federalists.
c.
he had risen from the masses and reflected many of their prejudices in his personal attitudes and
outlook.
d.
farmer and labor organizations aroused populist opposition to elitist politics.
e.
he was skilled at appealing to the public’s evangelical religion and fervent patriotism.
One political development that demonstrated the power of the new popular democratic movement in politics
was
a.
the rise of the caucus system of presidential nominations.
b.
the use of party loyalty as the primary qualification for appointing people to public office.
c.
extensive public speaking tours by presidential candidates.
d.
the strong support for public schools and a national university.
e.
the vigorous campaign to abolish the electoral college.
Andrew Jackson’s fundamental approach during the South Carolina nullification crisis was to
a.
acknowledge the injustice of the high Tariff of Abominations and seek to lower it.
b.
seek to strengthen South Carolina unionists while politically isolating the nullifiers.
c.
join hands with Henry Clay in attempting to find a compromise solution.
d.
attempt to change the focus of attention from the tariff to slavery.
e.
mobilize a sizable military force and threaten to hang the nullifiers.
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122
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
Under the surface of the South’s strong opposition to the Tariff of Abominations was
a.
a desire to develop its own textile industry.
b.
competition between southern cotton growers and midwestern grain farmers.
c.
a strong preference for British manufactured goods over American-produced goods.
d.
a fear of growing federal power that might interfere with slavery.
e.
a belief that the high tariff would foster immigration and urbanization.
Some southeastern Indian tribes like the Cherokees were notable for their
a.
effectiveness in warfare against encroaching whites.
b.
development of effective agricultural, educational, and political institutions.
c.
success in persuading President Jackson to support their cause.
d.
adherence to traditional Native American cultural and religious values.
e.
consistent opposition to slavery and racism.
In promoting his policy of Indian removal, President Andrew Jackson
a.
defied rulings of the U.S. Supreme Court that favored the Cherokees.
b.
admitted that the action would destroy Native American culture and society.
c.
acted against the advice of his cabinet and his military commanders in the Southeast.
d.
tried to split the Cherokees apart from their allies such as the Creeks and Seminoles.
e.
was convinced that the Indians would better thrive in Oklahoma.
Jackson’s veto of the Bank of the United States recharter bill represented a(n)
a.
response to Europeans investors’ lack of faith in the dollar.
b.
attempt to assure bankers and creditors that the federal government had their interests at heart.
c.
concession to Henry Clay and his National Republican followers.
d.
gain for sound banking and a financially stable currency system.
e.
bold assertion of presidential power on behalf of western farmers and other debtors.
One important result of President Jackson’s destruction of the Bank of the United States was
a.
a successful economy to hand on to his successor, Van Buren.
b.
a sounder financial system founded upon thousands of locally controlled banks.
c.
the American banking system’s dependence on European investment and control.
d.
the lack of a stable banking system to finance the era of rapid industrialization.
e.
Jackson’s equally successful attack on the secretive and elitist Masons.
Among the political innovations that first appeared in the election of 1832 were
a.
political parties and direct popular voting for president.
b.
newspaper endorsements and public financing of presidential campaigns.
c.
nomination by congressional caucus and voting by the Electoral College.
d.
third-party campaigning, national conventions, and party platforms.
e.
secret ballots and the prohibition on liquor in polling places.
In the immediate aftermath of the successful Texas Revolution
a.
Texas petitioned to join the United States but was refused admission.
b.
Texas joined the United States as a slave state.
c.
Mexico and the United States agreed to a joint protectorate over Texas.
d.
Britain threatened the United States with war over Texas.
e.
the Texas government sought to expand westward to the Pacific.
The Panic of 1837 and the subsequent severe depression were caused primarily by
a.
the stock market collapse and a sharp decline in grain prices.
b.
a lack of new investment in industry and technology.
c.
the threat of war with Mexico over Texas.
d.
overspeculation and Jackson’s hard-money financial policies.
e.
British investors’ loss of confidence in American business.
Prominent leaders of the Whig party included
a.
Martin Van Buren and John C. Calhoun.
b.
David Crockett and Nicholas Biddle.
c.
Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison.
d.
Stephen Austin and Sam Houston.
e.
Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.
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Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
15.
123
The real significance of William Henry Harrison’s victory in the election of 1840 was that it
a.
constituted a sharp repudiation of Andrew Jackson and Jacksonianism.
b.
brought a fresh new face to American presidential politics.
c.
showed that the Whigs could win with a candidate other than Henry Clay.
d.
showed that the Whigs could practice the new mass democratic politics as successfully as the
Democrats.
e.
showed that the public wanted serious debates as well as noisy “hoopla” in presidential politics.
C. Identification
Supply the correct identification for each numbered description.
1.
__________
New, circus-like method of nominating presidential candidates that involved
wider participation but usually left effective control in the hands of party
bosses
2.
__________
Small, short-lived third political party that originated a new method of
nominating presidential candidates in the election campaign of 1831–1832
3.
__________
Contemptuous Jacksonian term for the alleged political deal by which Clay
threw his support to Adams in exchange for a high cabinet office
4.
__________
Andrew Jackson’s popular nickname, signaling his toughness and strength
5.
__________
The arrangement under which public offices were handed out on the basis of
political support rather than qualifications
6.
__________
Scornful southern term for the high Tariff of 1828
7.
__________
Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said
states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected
8.
__________
The “moneyed monster” that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed
with his veto in 1832
9.
__________
Ritualistic secret societies that became the target of a momentarily powerful
third party in 1832
10.
__________
Religious believers, originally attracted to the Anti-Masonic party and then to
the Whigs, who sought to use political power for moral and religious reform
11.
__________
__________
Any two of the southeastern Indian peoples who were removed to Oklahoma
12.
__________
The sorrowful path along which thousands of southeastern Indians were
removed to Oklahoma
13.
__________
Conflict of 1832 in which the Sauk and Fox Indians of Illinois and Wisconsin
were defeated by federal troops and state militias.
14.
__________
Economic crisis that precipitated an economic depression and doomed the
presidency of Martin Van Buren
15.
__________
Popular symbols of the flamboyant but effective campaign the Whigs used to
elect “poor-boy” William Henry Harrison over Martin Van Buren in 1840
D. Matching People, Places, and Events
Match the person, place, or event in the left column with the proper description in the right column by inserting the
correct letter on the blank line.
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124
Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
1.
___
John C. Calhoun
2.
___
Henry Clay
3.
___
Nicholas Biddle
4.
___
Sequoyah
5.
___
John Quincy Adams
6.
___
David Crocket
7.
___
Moses Austin
8.
___
Sam Houston
9.
___
Osceola
10.
___
Santa Anna
11.
___
Martin Van Buren
12.
___
Black Hawk
13.
___
William Henry Harrison
14.
___
Whigs
15.
___
Democrats
a.
Cherokee leader who devised an alphabet for
his people
b.
Political party that generally stressed
individual liberty, the rights of the common
people, and hostility to privilege
c.
Seminole leader whose warriors killed fifteen
hundred American soldiers in years of
guerrilla warfare
d.
Former Tennessee governor whose victory at
San Jacinto in 1836 won Texas its
independence
e.
Mexican general and dictator whose large
army failed to defeat Texas rebels
f.
Former vice president, leader of South
Carolina nullifiers, and bitter enemy of
Andrew Jackson
g.
Political party that favored a more activist
government, high tariffs, internal
improvements, and moral reforms
h.
Original leader of American settlers in Texas
who obtained a huge land grant from the
Mexican government
i.
A frontier hero, Tennessee Congressman, and
teller of tall tales who died in the Texas War
for Independence
j.
“Old Tippecanoe,” who was portrayed by
Whig propagandists as a hard-drinking
common man of the frontier
k.
Jackson’s rival for the presidency in 1832,
who failed to save the Bank of the United
States
l.
The “wizard of Albany,” whose economically
troubled presidency was served in the shadow
of Jackson
m.
Talented but high-handed bank president who
fought a bitter losing battle with the president
of the United States
n.
Aloof New England statesman whose elitism
made him an unpopular leader in the new era
of mass democracy
o.
Illinois-Wisconsin area Sauk leader who was
defeated by American regulars and militia in
1832
E. Putting Things in Order
Put the following events in correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5.
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Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
1.
___
South Carolina threatens nullification of federal law and backs down in the face of
Andrew Jackson’s military threat.
2.
___
A strange four-way election puts an icy New Englander in office amid charges of a
corrupt bargain.
3.
___
A campaign based on hoopla and “log cabins and hard cider slogans” demonstrates that
both Whigs and Democrats can effectively play the new mass-party political game.
4.
___
A northern Mexican province successfully revolts and seeks admission to the United
States.
5.
___
Despite attempting to follow white patterns of civilizing, thousands of American
Indians are forcibly removed from their homes and driven across the Mississippi River.
125
F. Matching Cause and Effect
Match the historical cause in the left column with the proper effect in the right column by writing the correct letter
on the blank line.
Cause
1.
___
The growth of American migration into
northern Mexico
2.
___
The demand of many whites to acquire
Indian land in Georgia and other states
a.
Brought many evangelical Christians into
politics and showed that others besides
Jackson could stir up popular feelings
b.
Provoked protests and threats of nullification
from South Carolina
c.
Aroused popular anger and made Jackson’s
supporters determined to elect him in 1828
d.
The alleged corrupt bargain between Adams
and Clay for the presidency in 1824
Laid the foundations for the spoils system
that fueled the new mass political parties
e.
President Adams’s strong nationalistic
policies
Threw the bitterly contested election into the
U.S. House of Representatives
f.
The high New England–backed Tariff of
1828
Laid the basis for a political conflict that
resulted in Texas independence
g.
Caused widespread human suffering and
virtually guaranteed Martin Van Buren’s
defeat in 1840
h.
Fueled the political pressures that led Andrew
Jackson to forcibly remove the Cherokees and
others
i.
Aroused the bitter opposition of westerners
and southerners, who were increasingly
sectionalist
j.
Got the government out of banking but
weakened the American financial system
3.
___
The Anti-Masonic Party
4.
___
The failure of any candidate to win an
electoral majority in the four-way election of
1824
5.
6.
7.
___
___
___
Effect
8.
___
Andrew Jackson’s war against Nicholas
Biddle and his policies
9.
___
Jackson’s belief that any ordinary American
could hold government office
10.
___
The Panic of 1837
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126
Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
G. Map Mastery
Map Discrimination
Using the maps and charts in Chapter 13, answer the following questions.
1.
Election of 1824: In the election of 1824, how many more electoral votes would Jackson have needed to win a
majority and prevent the election from going to the House of Representatives?
2.
Presidential Election of 1828: In the election of 1828, in which states outside New England did John Quincy
Adams win electoral votes?
3.
Presidential Election of 1828: In the election of 1828, which of the eastern middle states did Jackson carry
completely?
4.
Presidential Election of 1828: Which three states divided their electoral votes?
5.
The Removal of the Southern Tribes to the West: Of the five southeastern Indian tribes, which two were
located wholly within the boundaries of a single state? Which tribe was located in four states?
6.
The Texas Revolution, 1835–1836: A) When Santa Anna’s army entered Texas to attack the Alamo, what two
major rivers did it cross? B) When Santa Anna’s army moved from the site of its greatest victory to the site of
its greatest defeat, what direction did it march?
PART III: DEVELOPING HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS
A. Interpreting Political Cartoons and Satire
Political cartoons are an important historical source. Even when they are strongly biased one way or another, they
can yield information about political conflicts and contemporary attitudes.
The anti-Jackson cartoon In Mother Bank’s Sick Room reveals a number of things about how his opponents viewed
Jackson. Answer the following questions.
1.
What is the fundamental point of the cartoon’s attack on the Bank of the United States and its supporters?
2.
What visual means does the cartoonist use to develop its point?
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Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
127
3.
In the pro-Jackson cartoon Symptom of a Locked Jaw, how is Clay’s frustration at Jackson’s bank veto
portrayed? How is Jackson’s successful resistance represented?
4.
In the satirical bank note mocking pro-Jackson pet banks, list at least three distinct visual symbols that identify
the worthless note with Jackson and his policies.
5.
List at least three verbal terms or phrases that underscore the supposed fraudulency of Jacksonian banking
practices.
B. Continuity and Change Over Time
Read the prompt below and identify time frames for the period. Next, construct a timeline in which you identify a
pivotal point (or multiple points) which led to the development of change within that period. Then, in the space
provided below, put together specific and relevant evidence which defines and explains that pivot point. In the box
above the timeline, provide some evidence for continuity within that period.
Prompt: What were the reasons for increased political participation between 1815 and 1840 in the United States?
1815
1840
Identify the major event which might account for the change:
Identify other events which might account for the change:
Develop your Thesis Statement.
PART IV: APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
1.
Why was Andrew Jackson such a personally powerful embodiment of the new mass democracy in the 1820s
and 1830s? Would mass democracy have developed without a popular hero like Jackson?
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128
Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824–1840
2.
Why did Calhoun and the South see the Tariff of 1828 as such an abomination and raise threats of nullification
over it?
3.
What made Jackson’s Indian Removal policy seem especially harsh and hypocritical? Was there any chance
that the Cherokees and other civilized southeastern tribes could have maintained their own lands and identities
if Jackson had not defied the Supreme Court?
4.
How did Jackson’s Bank War demonstrate the power of a modern mass democratic political machine and its
propaganda? Was Biddle’s Bank a real threat to the economic welfare of the less affluent citizens whom
Jackson represented, or was it more important as a symbol of eastern wealth and elitism?
5.
How did the Panic of 1837 and the subsequent depression reflect the weaknesses of Jackson’s economic and
financial policies? Why was Martin Van Buren unable to outmaneuver the Whig political opposition as
Jackson had?
6.
Does Andrew Jackson belong in the pantheon of great American presidents? Why or why not?
7.
Argue for or against: the Texas Revolution against Mexico was more about the expansion of slavery into the
West than about the rights of Anglo-American settlers in Texas.
8.
Was the growing hoopla of American politics reflected in the “log cabin and hard cider” campaign of 1840 a
violation of the republican virtue upheld by the Founders or an inevitable and even healthy reflection of the
public’s engagement with politics once it was opened up to the great mass of people?
9.
What did the two new democratic parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, really stand for? Were they actual
ideological opponents, or were their disagreements less important than their shared roots and commitment to
America’s new mass democracy?
10.
Compare the two-party political system of the 1830s’ New Democracy with the first two-party system of the
early Republic (see Chapter 10). In what ways were the two systems similar, and in what ways were they
different? Were both parties of the 1830s correct in seeing themselves as heirs of the Jeffersonian Republican
tradition rather than the Hamiltonian Federalist tradition?
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.