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Jacob Schulman AP Euro September 27, 2006 Ms. Kim Days 4&5: The Art of the Italian Renaissance I. Art and the Artist: A. 1400s+1500s: witnessed a dazzling creativity in painting, architecture, and sculpture B. In the “High Renaissance” (period of art history), Rome took the lead - Characteristics of Ren. art (balance, harmony, restraint) utilized by Da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo C. Art and Power: 1. Art manifested corporate power: guilds and religious confraternities commissioned art - Merchants had a dominant influence in the community - Corporate patronage reflect in the Florentine gov’ts decision to hire Michelangelo to sculpt the David 2. In the middle ages, art had a religious themeEducational purpose - In the later 15th century, individuals and oligarchs sponsored art to glorify themselves and their families 3. 1470: Lorenzo de’ Medici said that over the past 35 years his family had spent 663,755 florins for artistic commissions - Wanted to exalt themselves, their families and their offices 4. Art revealed changing patterns of consumption in ItalyEconomics developed 5. Middle Ages- ruralPeople spent money on war Renaissance- nobles settle in towns, adjust to urban cultureUrban palaces - Luxurious, implied grandeur, had a chest to told its most precious goods 6. Private chapel within the palace symbolized largest expenditureReligious objects - Served as the center of religious life and its cult of remembrance for the dead 7. Subject matter of art became more and more secular - Classical themes and motifsThe lives and loves of pagan gods and goddesses - Individual portraits became very popularMembers of the new middle class had themselves painted in a scene of chivalry and romance 8. Giotto: Florentine painter, led the way in the use of realism - More lifelike than Middle Age art work 8. Donatello: sculptor, greatest influence of any Florentine artist before Michelangelo - Statues express an appreciation for the variety of human natureRevived the classical figure with balance and self-awareness 9. Masaccio: “Father of modern painting”, Inspired a new style characterized by realism, narrative power, use of light and dark - Created an international style: wandering careers of artists, increased art trade 10. Narrative artists depict the body more scientifically and naturally - Michelangelo’s David and The Last Judgment: male body is strong and heroic - Female figure is voluptuous and sensual 11. Filippo Brunelleschi & Piero della Francesca: pioneered perspective in painting D. The status of the Artist: 1. Social status of artists improved in the Renaissance - Considered a free intellectual worker - Usually worked on commission from a powerful prince - Depended upon patronsSome became very wealthy (da Vinci made 2,000 ducats a year; only needed 300 to live like a prince) 2. Renaissance society respected and rewarded the distinguished artist - Pietro Aretine wrote to Michelangelo: “the world has many kings but only one Michelangelo”; Praised him for his brilliant work on the Sistine Chapel 1 3. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V picked up paintbrush: patron himself was honored in the act of honoring the artist 4. Renaissance artists boasted about their powerAll signed their work and some incorporated self-portraits somehow into their paintings 5. Renaissance had the birth of the concept of the artist as genius - Renaissance artists and humanists came to think that a work of art was the deliberate creating of a unique personality who transcended traditions, ruler and theories - Cosimo de’ Medici: called a painter “divine”Implied that he had godly powers 6. The culture of the Renaissance was that of a small mercantile elite - It didn’t directly affect the broad middle classes - A small, educated minority of literary humanists and artists created the culture of and for an exclusive elite - Maintained a gulf between the learned minority and uneducated multitude that has survived for many centuries 2