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Chapter 17
Cold War and Post War Changes
Section 1
I.
A.
Peace and the New War
After the end of WWII, a new
conflict emerged, the Cold War.
The Cold War was an ideological conflict
between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.
B.
The division between Western Europe
and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe
was the beginning of the Cold War.
The Soviet Union feared the capitalist
West.
The United States feared communism.
C. In February 1945, Britain, U.S., and the
Soviet Union met at Yalta in southern
Russia.
By that time, they knew the Germans were
beaten.
The Soviets were in control of much of
Eastern and Central Europe.
Yalta Conference
D.
Roosevelt (U.S. President)
favored the idea of
self-determination for Europe.
This meant that each country
would choose its own form of
government.
Stalin (Soviet leader) wanted a
Communist buffer state between
Western Europe and the Soviet Union.
E. Stalin feared that the Eastern European
nations would be anti-Soviet if they were
allowed free elections.
F.
Roosevelt wanted to create the
United Nations an organization to help
resolve international disagreements.
Britain, U.S., and Soviet Union
accepted Roosevelt’s plans and founded the
United Nations in April, 1945.
G.
The Allies agreed to divide
Germany into four zones.
The zones would be occupied and
governed by
France, Britain,
U.S., and the
Soviet Union.
H. The Potsdam Conference was held
in July 1945.
Roosevelt had died in late April 1945,
being replaced by Harry Truman.
Truman demanded free
elections throughout Eastern
Europe, but Stalin refused.
SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
Decisions made at Potsdam
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Germany should remain a single
country, although it would be
divided for the time being.
Germany must be demilitarized.
Nazi Party outlawed.
Gov’t rebuilt on a democratic
basis.
War crimes trials would be held.
SECTION 1
Aftermath of War in Europe
Nuremberg Trials
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1945-46
Special international
court
Charged 22 Nazi
leaders with crimes
against humanity
I. Many Western leaders
thought that the Soviets
intended to spread
communism throughout the world.
The Soviets saw the U.S. as
promoters of global capitalist
expansion.
J.
in
In March 1946, WinstonChurchill
(Prime Minister of Britain) declared that an
“iron curtain”had divided the continent.
The Iron Curtain served to keep people
and information out of communist
controlled countries.This iron curtain
divided Europe into two hostile sides.
Stalin viewed Churchill’s speech as a
“call to war with the Soviet Union.”
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Iron Curtain
SECTION 2
Origins of the Cold War
United States aids Europe…
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Civil war broke out in Greece in
1944 between communists and
conservatives.
GB had intervened and declared a
truce.
In 1946 the communists renewed
the war.
In February 1947, the British told
Truman they could no longer afford
to keep their soldiers in Greece.
A.
In early 1947 President Harry S Truman
issued the Truman Doctrine, which stated
that the United States would give money to
countries threatened by Communist
expansion.
This would not end
communism, but
help to stop the
spread of
communism.
SECTION 2
Origins of the Cold War
Truman Doctrine
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Declared the US must consider the
continued spread of communism to be a
threat to democracy
The US would support free peoples resisted
takeover by communism
Asked Congress to provide $400 million to
help defend Greece and Turkey from
communist aggression
B.
The United States was concerned that
communism would spread throughout the
free world if left unchecked.
In June 1947, the European
Recovery Program, known as the
Marshall Plan, began.
This program
was set up to
rebuild war-torn
Europe.
C.
The Soviet Union and its
economically and politically
dependent Eastern European
satellite states refused to
participate in the Marshall Plan.
D.
In 1947, the United States adopted
the policy of containment to keep
communism within its existing
boundaries and prevent further
Soviet aggressive moves.
E.
By 1948, Great Britain, United States, and
France worked to unify the
three western section of
Germany and Berlin.
The Federal Republic of Germany,
or West Germany,
was formally
created in
September of
1949.
F. The Soviets opposed the creation of
West Germany and formed their
own communist country with their
portion of Germany.
In October 1949, the German
Democratic Republic, or
East Germany was set up
by the Soviets.
Berlin was divided into two parts.
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Section 2 continued
Nationalists and Communists
A. In all of Asia, revolutionary Marxism had
its greatest impact in China. By 1920, two
political forces emerged to challenge the
Chinese government: Sun Yat-Sen’s
Nationalist Party and the Chinese
Communist Party.
I.
B.
In 1921, young radicals formed the
Chinese Communist Party in the city of
Shanghai. By 1923, the two parties (Sun
Yat-Sen and the Communist) formed an
alliance to drive out the Chinese warlords
and the imperialist powers.
C. Eventually the Nationalists and the
Communists came into conflict. After
SunYat-Sen died, Chiang Kai-Shek
became the Nationalist leader. He
pretended to support the Communist, but
did not. In 1927, he killed thousands of
Communists in the Shanghai Massacre.
Chiang Kai-Shek
Shanghai Massacre
II.
The Communists in Hiding
A. After the Shanghai Massacre, the
Communist went into hiding in Shanghai.
Some Communist went to the Jiangxi
Province. Mao Zedong was their leader.
Mao was convinced that the Chinese
revolution would come from the rural
peasants rather than the urban working
classes.
Mao Zedong
B.
Chiang Kai-Shek was able to push the
Communist leaders out of Shanghai, they
joined Mao. Then the Nationalists attacked
the Communist in Jiangxi, but Mao used
guerrilla tactics to fight successfully against
superior numbers.
Mao had four slogans about fighting:
1. When the enemy advances, we retreat.
2. When the enemy halts and camps, we
trouble them.
3. When the enemy tries to avoid battle, we
attack.
4. When the enemy retreats, we pursue.
III.
The Long March
A. In 1933, Chiang’s army surrounded the
Communists in Jiangxi. Outnumbered,
Mao’s army, called the People’s
Liberation Army (PLA) broke through
the Nationalist lines.
Mao led his troops for 6,000 miles to
Northwestern China and reached the last
surviving Communist base. This march
became known as the Long March.
6,000 Miles Walked
90,000 Men Began
the March
9,000 Survived
B.
The Long March took over one year.
The Communist had little food, faced
freezing temperatures, and had to fight
all the way. 90,000 troops began the
march, but only 9,000 reached their
destination. During the Long March,
Mao became the leader of the
Communist Party.
IV.
The New China of Chiang Kai-Shek
A. After the Long March, the threat from
the Communists seemed to have ended.
Chiang Kai-Shek was trying to build a
new nation. He vowed to form a
republican government.
B. Chiang tried to blend modern Western
industrialization with traditional Confucian
values of hard work, obedience, and integrity.
Chiang and his wife instituted the “New Life
Movement.” It promoted Confucian ideas and
rejected the individualism and greed of Western
capitalism.
Confucius
Chiang Kai-Shek and wife
C. Some of Chiang’s successes included
starting a massive road-building
program,
repairing and expanding the
railroads,
creating a national bank, and
improving the educational system.
D. Chiang was less successful with land
reform. He avoided the redistribution of
wealth, or the shift of wealth from a rich
minority to a poor majority, because
much
of his support came from
landowners and
the urban middle class.
Civil War and the Great Leap Forward
A. The lack of land redistribution led to a
divisoin between the peasant farmers in
North China and the urban workers in
Central and Southern China. By 1945,
China had two governments. The United
States supported the Nationalist
government of Chiang Kai-Shek in
Southern and Central China.
V.
The communist government led byMao
Zedong controlled North China.
B.
In 1946, war between the Nationalists and
the Communists broke out. Millions of
peasants joined Mao’s People’s Liberation
Army because they were promised land.
Mao’s communist army defeated the
Nationalist army. The Communist Party,
led by Mao Zedong, now ruled China.
Communist Victory in China
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Communist leader Mao Zedong defeated the
Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-Shek in
China in 1949.
C.
In 1958, Mao introduced the
Great Leap Forward. This program
combined collective farms into large
communes. This program failed and
millions of Chinese died of starvation.
VI. The spread of the Cold War
A. Chinese Communists took control
of the government of China in 1949.
The fall of China to communism
and the Soviet Union’s
development of the atomic bomb in
August 1949 began the arms race.
Soviet Union and U.S. started to
build up their armies and weapons.
B. In April 1949, the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed.
This military alliance, included
Great Britain, France,
United States, Canada,
and other Western
European nations,
agreed to help if any
one of them were attacked.
C. In 1955, the Soviet Union, Albania,
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Hungary, Poland, and Romania formed
the military alliance called the
Warsaw Pact.
D.
After Japanese forces surrendered during
WWII the United States and the
Soviet Union shared control of Korea.
They divided Korea at the 38th parallel,
with the Soviet Union taking control in the
north and the United States in the south.
Korean War (1950-1953)
Kim Il-Sung
After WWII, Korea
was divided into
North and South
Korea. North Korea
was communist and
South Korea was a
democracy..
Syngman Rhee
A. The Korean War began in June 1950
when the Communist government
of North Korea tried to take over
South Korea.
B.
The Communist quickly captured Seoul,
the South Korean capital. In September
1950, the United States and South Korea
launched an attack.
Sept –
Nov 1950
As the U.S. troops
approached the border
between Korea and China,
China felt threatened.
C.
China sent several hundred thousand
Chinese soldiers to join those of
North Korea. This combined force drove
the U.S. troops back south of the 38th
parallel.
Nov 1950 –
Feb 1951
D.
In response, General Douglas MacArthur
wanted to bomb China. President Truman
disagreed fearing it might lead to a third
world war.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected
president in 1952 promising to end the
Korean War.
E.
The two sides finally signed a ceasefire
agreement in July 1953. The dividing line
was almost exactly where it had been
before the war.
10 Million people died in the Korean war
136,935 American casualties
New Soviet Leader
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Stalin dies in 1953 of a
stroke.
Nikita Khrushchev becomes
the new Soviet premier. He
then visits the US.
Tensions were eased until
the U2 spy plane incident.
U2 spy plane incident
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An US spy plane
was shot down over
the Soviet Union.
Tensions rise again.
McCarthyism
The Cold War led to widespread
fear that Communists had
infiltrated the United States.
Senator Joseph R. McCarthy
charged that hundreds of
communists were in high
government positions, this was known as
McCarthyism
This created a massive“Red Scare.”
Suspected Communists
Marlon Brando
Lucille Ball
Walt Disney
Humphrey Bogart
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Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg – accused of
providing the Soviets with
atomic energy secrets in
WWII. They were
executed in 1953.
In 1957, the Soviets sent Sputnik I,
the first man-made space satellite,
to orbit the earth.
Americans feared
there was a missile
gap between the
Soviet Union and
the United States.
Cuba
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1959 – Fidel Castro overthrew the gov. of Cuba
and established a communist dictatorship with
strong ties to the Soviet Union.
1960 John F. Kennedy is elected President of
the U.S. He learns that Eisenhower had
developed a plan to use the CIA to overthrow
Castro.
Bay of Pigs
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The CIA had trained
and supplied a group
of 1500 Cuban
refugees to invade
Cuba and overthrow
Fidel Castro.
The plan was set into
motion on April 17,
1961, but the rebels
were all captured and
the plan failed to get
anywhere close to
Castro.
Crisis in Berlin
In August 1961, on the
orders of the Soviet leader
Nikita Khrushchev, the
East German government
began to build a wall
between West Berlin and
East Berlin in order to stop
the flow of East Germans
escaping into West Berlin.