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Transcript
Ecology Notes (part 2) Chapters 4-2, 4-3, 5-2, 6-2, 6-3 I. What shapes an Ecosystem? A. Biotic factors – living things (ex: Plants, decomposers, animals) B. Abiotic factors – nonliving things (ex: water, soil, air) C. Niche – an organism’s role in its ecosystem; how the organism lives Ex: A niche includes: climate it prefers time of day it feeds time of year it reproduces what it likes to eat where it finds food D. Habitat – where an organism lives II. Community Interactions A. *Symbiosis – a close, long-term relationship between two or more species. There are 3 types: 1. Parasitism – parasites feed on a host organism; parasites are different from predators because they usually do not kill their host ex: Tapeworms and humans ex: fleas and dogs 2. Mutualism – both species benefit from each other ex: Flowering plants and insects ex: E. coli bacteria in human large intestine: E. coli live in our large intestine and produce vitamin K for us; we provide nutrients ex: nitrogen fixing bacteria and plants: bacteria produce nitrogen for plant and plant provides place to live for bacteria 3. Commensalism – one species benefits, the other is not affected ex: whales and barnacles ex: clown fish and sea anemones III. Ecological Succession A. Succession – species replacing each other in a developing ecosystem B. Primary Succession- when succession takes place where there were no species before (ex: plants on land that a volcanic eruption formed) C. Secondary succession – succession in an area where there has been previous life (ex: plants starting to grow in a field that was destroyed by fire) IV. Limits to growth of a population: A. Competition B. Predation C. Parasitism D. Disease E. Natural Disasters F. Human Activities V. Biodiversity – all organisms in biosphere A. Value of biodiversity: food, medicine, other products VI. Threats to biodiversity A. Habitat alteration – land development B. Over fishing/hunting C. Pollution 1. Biological magnification – amount of pollutant increases as it moves to higher trophic levels D. Introduced Species – accidental or intentional introduction of a plant or animal to a new area 1. Invasive species – reproduce rapidly due to no natural predator ex: Nutria in Louisiana; Fire ants (1918)