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Italian Theatre Architecture While academic writers were following classic models and groups of actors were developing commedia, architects in the Italian Renaissance were revolutionizing theatre design and scenic effects. Since much of the drama written during the Renaissance was staged at academies, changes in theatre architecture frequently developed within these institutions. Three buildings in particular showed a move toward a new kind of theatre architecture, and, remarkable, all three are still standing. Teatro Olimpico The oldest surviving theatre constructed during the Italian Renaissance, the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza, was initially designed by Andrea Palladio for the Olympic Academy in that city. When Palladio died, Vincenzo Scamozzi completed the building in 1584. The premier production in the Olimpico was Sopholes’ King Oedipus in 1585. It was designed as a miniature indoor Roman theatre Its auditorium, accommodating 3,000 spectators, consisted of elliptical benches connected to the scaena, or stage house o This arrangement created a semicircular orchestra. There was a raised stage, about 70 feet wide by 18 feet deep, in front of the scaena The ornate façade of the scene house, patterned after the Roman scaena, was designed to look like a street. o Behind each opening was an alleyway or street scene that seemed to disappear in the distance. o To achieve the effect of depth, in each alleyway there were threedimensional buildings – houses and shops – which decreased in size as they were positioned farther and farther away from the opening onstage. The Theatre at Sabbioneta In 1588, Scamozzi constructed a tiny 250-seat theatre in Sabbioneta, Italy It was paid for by the duke of Mantua Only had one background vista, which extended from one side of the stage to the other. Was a smaller, more intimate version of the Teatro Olimpico Set in a rectangular building, it has a small colonnade around the horseshoeshaped auditorium, which has a flat floor and no fixed seating. Teatro Farnese and the Proscenium Stage Giovan Battista Alcotti built the most notable theatre building of all the Italian Renaissance, the Teatro Farnese in Parma. The Farnese was completed in 1618. It had a typical court and academic theatre auditorium, with raised horseshoe seating accommodating 3,500 spectators and a semicircular orchestra in front of the stage. The orchestra could be used for additional seating, or it could be flooded – a spectacular practice adopted from the Romans – for aquatic scenes such as naval battles. What was revolutionary in the Teatro Farnese was its proscenium-arch stage. The Farnese was probably not the first space in Italy with a proscenium; it is believed that temporary arches were used earlier at court performances and that another permanent proscenium stage may have been constructed earlier. But the Farnese is the most famous because it is still standing – though it required extensive renovation after it was damaged during World War II. The Proscenium-arch stage – also known as the picture-frame, fourth wall, or conventional stage – is still among the best-known types of theatre space. o The audience, facing in one direction, views the action through the arch, which frames the stage picture. o In most modern theatres, the “arch” is not rounded but rectangular o The proscenium hides from the audience the stage mechanisms for scene changes and special effects, increasing theatrical illusion. The Legacy of the Italian Renaissance Almost all of western theatre was eventually influenced by Italian dramatic criticism and by the advances in theatre architecture and scenic design initiated during the Italian Renaissance. This influence was felt fist in France and later in other countries such as England, Spain, and Germany