Download AQA specification link-up B1.1 Keeping healthy B1.1.1 Diet and

B1, Chapter 1
Keeping healthy
AQA specification link-up
B1.1 Keeping healthy
 B1.1.1 Diet and exercise
 B1.1.2 How our bodies defend themselves against infectious diseases
Overview
In this chapter, students are asked to further their understanding of the role that a
healthy diet, exercise and microorganisms have on human health. An understanding of
the term balanced diet is required, as well as knowledge of the implications an
unbalanced diet may have on a person’s health. Students should consider the effect
exercise can have on health. Slimming products and programmes are discussed and
can be linked to how the amount of energy expended by the body, alongside the quantity
and type of nutrients taken in, affect how a person gains or loses body mass. Learning
about diet, exercise, inherited factors and their effect on metabolic rate and cholesterol
can be brought together to create an overview of a person’s health and how this may be
affected by lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors.
The impact of infection by bacteria and viruses is covered in this chapter. The ways in
which pathogens cause illness and damage a person’s health are considered. Students
will learn about the advances in infection control, from the early advances in hygiene and
the scientists involved through to modern drugs and processes such as vaccination.
The ways in which the body protects itself from infection are covered, from physical
barriers through to the immune system and the role of white blood cells and antibodies.
This leads on to the study of antibiotics, disinfectants and vaccination programmes. The
use of other drugs that treat the symptoms of infection as opposed to killing pathogens
will need to be highlighted. Vaccination through the use of dead or inactive forms of a
pathogen and the mechanism by which this causes immunity will need to be explained to
students in this chapter; this provides an opportunity to reinforce learning about white
blood cells and antibodies.
Students need to cover the growth of bacteria. Practical work can be used to achieve
this but it is important to distinguish between the methods and restrictions of growing
bacteria in the classroom when compared to industrial laboratories. Leading on from this
the concept of bacterial resistance is introduced. A basic understanding of the term
mutation is required. Students will need to know how the improper use of antibiotics
leads to resistant strains, such as MRSA, and the dangers posed by such bacteria.
Finally students will be asked to draw together their understanding of how infectious
diseases are controlled. They will consider the advantages and disadvantages of
vaccination programmes as well as how the treatment of infectious diseases has
changed and evolved as a result of a better understanding of immunity and antibiotics.
© Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
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B1, Chapter 1
Keeping healthy
Common misconceptions
There are a number of common misconceptions surrounding diet. The idea that all fat
and cholesterol is bad is one that should be challenged early on by explaining the
importance of a balanced diet and the role that all these substances have in maintaining
health.
The role of antibiotics and their use in treating different types of microorganisms is often
poorly understood. It should be made clear that viruses which cause infections, such as
the common cold, are not treatable through the use of antibiotics. Explaining the way in
which bacteria and viruses cause illness alongside where in the body this happens
(viruses live and reproduce inside body cells) can help distinguish between the two types
of pathogen. It is also important to distinguish between antibiotics, disinfectants and
other drugs that may only treat the symptoms of an infection.
The idea that vaccinations involve giving somebody a ‘mild’ form of a disease should be
challenged. Students will find it easier to understand the process of vaccination if they
are clear that vaccines contain dead or inactive forms of a pathogen.
Opportunities for differentiation
There are several opportunities for extension tasks in this chapter. Guided research
tasks can be used to further students’ knowledge and understanding of the immune
process. Research can be done into the role of antibiotics in reducing deaths due to
infection. This can lead to a greater understanding of the immune process, the
limitations of antibiotics and the problem of resistance caused by overuse. Similar tasks
can be used to extend understanding of vaccination programmes and their importance.
There are two kerboodle WebQuests in this chapter that offer research support.
kerboodle offers several worksheets for this chapter to support students who are
struggling, and stretch students who are coping well.
Some students may find the section relating to immunity difficult to grasp.
The kerboodle animation ‘Immunity due to vaccination’ can be used to help demonstrate
the concept.
Chapter topics
Topic
Topic title
Specification reference
B1, 1.1
Diet and exercise
B.1.1.1a, b, c, d
B1, 1.2
Weight problems
B.1.1.1d
B1, 1.3
Cholesterol and health
B.1.1.1c, d
B1, 1.4
Pathogens and disease
B.1.1.2a, b, d, e, f
B1, 1.5
Defence mechanisms
B.1.1.2c, d
B1, 1.6
Using drugs to treat disease
B.1.1.2f
B1, 1.7
Growing and investigating bacteria
B.1.1.2g, i, j
B1, 1.8
Changing pathogens
B.1.1.2g
© Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
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B1, Chapter 1
Keeping healthy
B1, 1.9
Immunity
B.1.1.2h
B1, 1.10
How do we deal with disease?
B.1.1.2h
Kerboodle resources
Chapter map: Keeping healthy
Maths skills: BMI calculator (1.1)
Support: Health on the line (1.1)
Bump up your grade: Health on the line (1.1)
Video: Making predictions (1.4)
Bump up your grade: Shape matters (1.4)
Extension: Shape matters (1.5)
Bump up your grade: Doctor, doctor (1.6)
Extension: Doctor, Doctor (1.6)
Support: What’s what? (1.6)
How science works: Does the concentration of a disinfectant change its effectiveness at
killing bacteria? (1.7)
Practical: Growing microorganisms (1.7)
Animation: Immunity due to vaccination (1.9)
WebQuest: The chickenpox vaccine (1.9)
Interactive activity: Preventing disease
Revision podcast: Healthy diets and exercise
Test yourself: Keeping healthy
On Your Marks: Keeping healthy
Examination-style questions
Answers to examination-style questions
Teacher notes
© Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
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B1, Chapter 1
Keeping healthy
Student overview
In this chapter you will study the role that diet, exercise and inherited factors have on
health. You will also look at how microorganisms can cause disease, and how the body’s
immune system and drugs help to combat infection.
You will learn about the role of white blood cells and antibodies in immunity. The
differences between antibiotics, disinfectants and other drugs which treat the symptoms
of infection, rather than killing pathogens, will be covered. You will be expected to learn
how vaccination works. You will need to show that you understand how dead or inactive
forms of a pathogen are used to make the body produce antibodies and develop
immunity.
You will get the opportunity to look at how bacteria can be grown in a school lab. There
are things you need to watch out for to reduce the risk of any harmful bacteria being
produced. You will compare what can be done in schools to what can be done in
research and industrial laboratories.
Advances in medicine have been important in reducing death and illness caused by
infection. You will look at the new problems faced by medical science. Antibioticresistant strains of bacteria are an example. You will learn how the use of antibiotics
combined with the ability of bacteria to mutate has created dangerous, resistant strains
of bacteria.
Watch out!
Before studying this chapter you may already have some ideas about how a person
should live to be healthy. You may think that certain foods such as fat are bad for you.
While too much fat (or too much of anything) can be bad for you, it is an essential part of
a healthy diet and is required by the body for many different processes in the right
amounts.
Many people think that antibiotics kill all microorganisms. They are however useless
against viruses and can only be used to treat bacterial infections.
Connections between topics
This chapter links with Chapter 8, Evolution, in looking at how mutation can lead to
antibiotic resistance.
© Oxford University Press 2014 http://www.oxfordsecondary.co.uk/acknowledgements
This resource sheet may have been changed from the original.
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