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Chapter 20
Cancer
Summary Notes
A. Two types of Genes Control Cell Division
1. Proto-oncogenes
2. Tumor Suppressor genes
*Also control “programmed cell death” when cells need to die because of
Remodeling or because of damage (apoptosis)
B. Telomeres are small “caps” on chromosomes needed for copying.
C. Mutation =
* mutations can be caused by…
D. Normal Cell Summary…
1. Are genetically stable because…
2. Become normal tissues
3. Respond correctly to growth signals
4. Undergo cell death when…
5. Undergo cell division a limited number of times
E. Carcinogenesis =
Carcinogen =
F. Cancer =
Cancer is always genetic because it involves changes in genes (mutations) but the
mutations usually come from the environment and NOT from heredity (parents)
G. Tumor =
H. Three Types of Tumors are…
1. Benign tumors “stay put” and are usually found inside a capsule which keeps them
from spreading.
2. Cancer “in situ” tumors are early tumors that haven’t acquired the ability to spread
3. Malignant tumors are later tumors that have already spread to/from other places
I. Cancer Cell Summary
1. They are genetically unstable…
2. They are not normal cells
3. They do not need growth signals
4. They do not undergo cell death
5. They can divide an unlimited number of times
6. They can grow new blood vessels
7. They invade and metastasize
J. Cancer is caused by a combination of Heredity and Environmental Damage
* Heredity
* Environment
K. Diagnosis and Treatment
1. Early detection is the key to a cure
2. Warning Signs:
C
A
U
T
I
O
N
3. Routine Screenings help catch cancer early, like…
4. Traditional therapies include…surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy
* these remove or kill cancer cells
* do they affect normal cells??
6. Future Treatments might include…
See Prevention DO’s and DON’Ts on page 443