Download Honors Biology Final Outline

Honors Biology Final Outline
Note to Students:
This is a compilation of biological concepts that you have been instructed upon so far
since the midterm. It is intended to serve as a topical outline for studying and should not
be relied on solely as the means of preparation for taking the assessment. I strongly
suggest that you review all relevant vocabulary associated with these concepts. For more
detailed explanations, consult your notes, handouts, and textbook. Organizing study
groups with friends is recommended. Good luck!
Unit 5: Molecular Genetics: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.7, 8.6, 18.2, 18.3, 9.5, 17.3, 9.1, 9.4
 DNA structure and function is essential to understanding genetics
 Chargaff’s Rules & the relationship to Watson & Crick’s proposed base-pairs
 The central dogma for biological information: DNA, RNA, & Protein
 The DNA of a gene serves as a template for transcribing this information into
RNA (base pairing)
 RNA must first be processed (introns, exons) in eukaryotes before a mRNA can
be formed
o generates transcript diversity
 RNA structure and function is essential to understanding how genes are expressed
o codons, anticodons, etc.
 Translation at the ribosome: mechanism
 Prokaryotes regulate the expression of many genes together using operons
 Mutations in DNA sequences can convert information that has no effect on coding
information (silent), substitutions that change coded information into different
coded information when translated (missense) or result in loss of information
(nonsense, stop codon).
 Mutations that result in insertions and deletions of information can significantly
alter information when it is expressed.
 Environmental agents such as mutagens can cause mutations in cells.
 Viruses differ in structure and ways of entering host cells.
 Viruses are obligate intracellular genetic parasites.
 Viruses cause infectious diseases including HIV/AIDS
 Genomics involves the study of genes, gene functions, and entire genomes.
 Technology allows the study and comparison of both genes and proteins.
 Molecular clocks use mutations to estimate evolutionary time.
 Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks.
 Scientists use restriction enzymes to manipulate DNA.
 Restriction maps show the lengths of DNA fragments.
 New genes can be added to an organism’s DNA using biotechnology.
 Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits (antibiotic resistance,
etc.)
Unit 6: The Molecular Biology of Cells: 5.1, 8.3, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 5.5, 28.1, 8.6, 23.1,
23.2
 SA/volume relationships related to membranes & transport
 The cell cycle: interphase
 DNA replication: mechanism
 DNA strands, templates, sense, antisense
 Chromosomal structure and function
 Chromosomal condensation: chromatin and the metaphase chromosome
 Mitosis & cytokinesis: changes in the nucleus, spindle role, and chromosome
movement.
 Regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle: internal & external factors
 The role of apoptosis in development and normal tissue maintenance
 Cancer biology: tumors & metastases
 germ cells (gametes) and somatic cells
 Autosomes and sex chromosomes
 Ploidy and changes in ploidy: meiosis
 Process of meiosis and gamete formation
 Fertilization and chromosome set number: n + n = 2n
 stem cell biology
 cell determination and the role of epigenetic marks on chromosomes
 cell differentiation and specialization
 Eukaryotes regulate the expression of single genes using multiple regulatory
sequences of DNA and transcription factors.
 Animals build their bodies using Hox gene expression patterns.
Unit 7: Patterns of Inheritance: 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.2, 7.1, 7.4, 6.6, 7.3
 Mendel’s research: characters of inheritance, independent assortment, dominance,
and segregation
 The nature of genes, alleles, and traits as it applies to inheritance
 Genotypes and phenotypes: dominance and recessiveness
 Genetics and probability: the Punnett square
 Monohybrid crosses: Dominance, Principle of segregation, and Punnett squares
 Modifying mendelian ratios: codominance and incomplete dominance
 Multiple alleles in a population
 Patterns of inheritance associated with XY sex determination systems
 Pedigree analysis
 dihybrid crosses: Principle of independent assortment, probability, forked-line
methods
 Crossing over & linkage
Unit 8: Population Genetics & Evolutionary Ecology: 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 11.1, 11.2,
11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, 17.2, 12.6
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Variation, adaptive traits, and adaptation
Natural selection as a mechanism of evolution
Evidence for evolution
Phylogenetics & cladograms
Genetic variation and allele frequencies
Populations: gene pools, phenotypes, traits, and adaptations
Natural selection and phenotypic variation
Selection patterns (three types)
o Directional selection
o Stabilizing selection
o Disruptive selection
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Sexual selection
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
speciation: reproductive & geographic isolation, adaptive radiation
convergent evolution
extinction
human evolution