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The word collagen is derived from Greek meaning 'glue forming' and is often termed connective
tissue holding cells together in a scaffold type structure called matrix.
Collagen is the most common protein in the body and accounts for 1/3 of total body protein, which
is approximately 6% of total body weight.
Each collagen molecule resembles a microscopic rope that is very strong and flexible but quite
inelastic.
The skin is the largest organ in the body and collagen makes up 75% of skin.
Collagen content of the skin is measured skin biopsy, skin blister assessment and non-invasive laser
imaging. All of these measures indicate a reduction in collagen content following menopause.
Raine-Fenning, N., Bincat, M. and Muscat-Baron, Y. Skin aging and menopause: implications for
treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(6):371-378.
M. J. Koehler, K. König, P. Elsner, R. Bückle, and M. Kaatz, "In vivo assessment of human skin
aging by multiphoton laser scanning tomography," Opt. Lett.2006; 31:879-2881.
The loss of collagen and elastin leads to degeneration of the skin causing wrinkles and loss of
smoothness. Research has found that women lose collagen faster than men.
M. J. Koehler, K. König, P. Elsner, R. Bückle, and M. Kaatz, "In vivo assessment of human skin
aging by multiphoton laser scanning tomography," Opt. Lett.2006; 31:879-2881.
The positive effects of the oral administration of gelatin (collagen) on skin and organs attached to
the skin (including nails and hair) has been observed for some time.
Moscowitz, R. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease. Sem Arthritis and Rheum.
2000;20(2):87-99.
Morganti, P. and Randazzo, S. Nutrition and hair. J Appl Cosmerol. 1984; 2:41-49.
Tyson, T. The effect of gelatin on fragile fingernails. Invest Dermatol. 1950;14:323-325.
Rosenburg, S. Further studies in the use of gelatin in the treatment of brittle nails. AMA Arch
Dermatol. 1957;76:330-335.
Scula, J. and Holies, N. and Sucher, K. Effect of daily gelatin ingestion on human hair scalp.
Nutrition Reports International. 1976;13(6):579-592.
An 8 week collagen supplementation trial (3500mg, 3 times daily) has been shown to significantly
improve periorbital (around the eye) wrinkles and aging.
Kantor, I., Donikyan, L., Simon, R., and Wollschlaeger, B. Results of a study evaluating the use of
dietary supplement formula in the management of age-related skin changes in women with
moderate to severe wrinkling of the periorbital area. JANA 2002; 5(2):10-19.
Epidermal thinning, declining dermal collagen content, diminished skin moisture, decreased laxity
and impaired wound healing have been reported in post menopausal women.
Hall, G. and Phillips, T. Estrogen and skin: the effects of estrogen, menopause, and hormone
replacement therapy on the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;53(4):555-568.
Estrogen deprivation is associated with a premature aging of the dermal elastic fibers of the skin.
Bolognia, J., Braverman, I., Rousseau, M and Sarrel, P. Skin changes and the menopause. Maturitas.
1989;11(4):295-304.
Pruritus, bruising, dryness and thinning are seen more frequently in sun-exposed skin – this termed
photoaging.
Bolognia, J., Braverman, I., Rousseau, M and Sarrel, P. Skin changes and the menopause. Maturitas.
1989;11(4):295-304.
Repeated ultraviolet (UV) exposure (sun) breaks down collagen and impairs the synthesis of new
collagen.
Fisher GJ. The Pathophysiology of Photoaging of the Skin. Cutis, 2005;75(2S):5-9.
Moschella S and Hurley H. (1992) Aging and Its Effects on the Skin. Dermatology: Third Edition.
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company.
Chung, J., Seo, J., Choi, H., Lee, M. Young, C, Rie, G, Cho, K., Kim, K., Park, K. and Eun, H.
Modulation of skin collagen metabolism in aged and photoaged human skin in vivo. Am J Patrhol.
2001;158(3):931-942.
Talwar, H., Griffiths, C., Fisher, G., Hamilton, T. and Voorhees, J. Reduced type I and type III
procollagens in photodamaged adult human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1995;105:285-290.
Yamauchi, M., Prisayan, P., Haque, Z. an d Woodley, D. Collagen cross-linking in sun-exposed and
unexposed sites of aged human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1991;97:938-941.
Cigarette smoking causes biochemical changes in our bodies that accelerate aging. Research shows
that a person who smokes 10 or more cigarettes a day for a minimum of 10 years is statistically
more likely to develop deeply wrinkled, leathery skin than a nonsmoker. It also has been shown that
people who smoke for a number of years tend to develop an unhealthy yellowish hue to their
complexion. Additionally, a study conducted in 2002 showed that facial wrinkling, while not yet
visible, can be seen under a microscope in smokers as young as 20.
Koh JS et al. Cigarette smoking associated with premature facial wrinkling: image analysis of facial
skin replicas. International Journal of Dermatology, 2002;41(1)21-27.
Demierre MF et al. Public knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of the association between skin
aging and smoking. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1999;41(1):27-30.
Bone turnover, the process of bone destruction and bone formation continues throughout life. Peak
bone mass occurs between the age of 20-30 years following which bone loss begins at a rate of
about 1% to 2% per years. This rate of bone loss accelerates during menopause and can result in a
disorder termed 'osteoporosis'.
Clinical studies suggest that the ingestion of collagen (10g daily) reduces pain in patients with
osteoarthritis of the knee or hip.
Moscowitz, R. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease. Seminars Arthritis and
Rheum. 2000;20(2):87-99.
Clinical use is associated with minimal adverse effects, mainly gastrointestinal, characterized by
fullness or unpleasant taste.
Moscowitz, R. Role of collagen hydrolysate in bone and joint disease. Seminars Arthritis and
Rheum. 2000;20(2):87-99.