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CHAPTER 19: EARLY LATIN AMERICA
Page 420 – 447
I.
SUMMARY
A. Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquest to Conquest
The Spaniards and Portuguese came from societies long in contact with peoples of
other faiths and cultures in which warfare and conquest were well-established
activities. In the Caribbean, these traditions were modified by American realities as
people with the backing of the state moved to conquer the mainlands.
B. The Destruction and Transformation of Indian Societies
To varying degrees, all indigenous societies suffered from conquest. Demographic
losses were extreme. The Spanish created institutions to control the native
populations or make them work. These policies disrupted indigenous societies.
C. Colonial Economies and Governments
Agriculture and mining were the basis of the Spanish colonial economies.
Eventually, Spanish farms and ranches competed with Indian villages, but they
also depended on Indians as laborers. Spain built a bureaucratic empire in which
the church was an essential element and a major cultural factor.
D. Brazil: The First Plantation Colony
In Brazil, the Portuguese created the first plantation colony of the Americas,
growing sugar with the use of Indian and then African slaves. In the18th century,
the discovery of gold opened up the interior of Brazil to settlement and the
expansion of slavery. Brazil became the first major plantation zone, organized to
produce a tropical crop, sugar, in great demand and short supply in Europe.
E. The 18th Century Reforms
Increasing attacks on the Iberian empires by foreign rivals led to the Bourbon
reforms in Spanish America and the reforms of Pombal in Portugal. These changes
strengthened the two empires but also generated colonial unrest that eventually led
to movements for independence.
F. Conclusion: The Diverse Ingredients of Latin American Civilization
In three centuries, Spain and Portugal created large colonial empires in the
Americas. To the American colonies, the Iberian nations transferred and imposed
their language, laws, forms of government, religion, and institutions. Large
numbers of immigrants came to the colonies. But Indian cultures persisted, and
after Africans arrived as slaves, a multiethnic and multiracial society developed.
II.
CHAPTER REVIEW
A. How did Iberian society influence Spanish and Portuguese conquests?
B. What Iberian institutions were transplanted to the Americas?
C. How did the Caribbean serve as a model for the Spanish empire?
D. How did Spain acquire her American empire?
E. What effects did the Spanish contacts and conquests have on Indian societies?
F. What was the Great Exchange and how did it affect societies around the world?
G. How did Spain organize and manage its empire and colonial possessions?
H. How did the Portuguese experience in Brazil differ from the Spanish experience
in Latin America?
I. What effects did the 18th century reform movements have on Latin America?
III.
VOCABULARY
A. Encomiendas
B. Conquistador
C. Mita
D. Columbian Exchange
E. Haciendas
F. Casa de Contratacion
G. Treaty of Tordesillas
H. Council of the Indies
I. Viceroyalities, audencias, capitaincies
J. Miscegenation
K. Castas
L. Peninsulares, creoles
IV.
INTERPRETING GRAPHS
A. Chart 19.4 Population Decline in New Spain (Page 430)
1. What trends do you notice in the graph?
2. When did the Indian decline bottom out and begin to rise?
3. When did the population of “others” pass one million?
4. How would this demographic transition effect New Spain?
B. Chart 19.5: A Comparison of Human and Livestock Populations (Page 431)
1. What trends do you notice in the graph?
2. Why would decreases have gradually leveled off?
3. What is the relationship between humans and livestock in central Mexico?
4. How would the rise of ranching have effected central Mexico?
C. Chart 19.6: Silver Production in the Americas (Page 434)
1. What trends do you notice in the graph?
2. What is the relationship between royal and total revenues?
3. When does silver production begin to fall off?
4. What might account for the decline of production?
5. How would the export of silver in such quantities effect Europe’s economy?
V.
PHOTO ESSAY: Visualizing Society (Pages 420, 424, 427, 437, 438, and 442)
A. How do the photos depict:
1. Indians?
2. Gender relations?
3. Work?
4. Social inequalities and class?
B. What evidence do you find of the importance of each in society?
1. Religion?
2. The military?
VI.
VISUALIZING THE PAST: Race or Culture – A Changing Society (Page 440)
A. How do Mexico and Peru compare ethnically?
B. What trends do you notice in the graphs?
C. In which society would Indian influence have been strongest? Casta influence?
VII.
DOCUMENT ANALYSIS: A Vision from the Vanquished (Page 424 – 425)
A. Reliability and Validity
1. Why is Guaman Poma reliable?
2. What abuses does Poma condemn?
3. How does he characterize Spanish ruling officials?
B. Drawing Conclusions
1. If the Spanish are as bad as Poma says, why did the Indians not revolt?
2. How did the Spanish manage their empire?
3. What evidence is there that the Church would oppose inhuman practices?
4. How would the King of Spain have probably responded to Poma’s letter?
VIII. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. An institution that had died out during Medieval Europe but survived in Iberia
and that Spain and Portugal transplanted to the new world was
A. feudalism.
B. serfdom.
C. slavery.
D. a militarized aristocracy.
E. capitalism.
2. All of these Iberian traits influenced Spain and Portugal colonial patterns and
society in the Americas EXCEPT:
A. local political and religious autonomy.
B. land grants to provincial nobles.
C. the use of serfs.
D. patriarchal family structures.
E. an alliance between church and state.
3. In order to administer its Latin American possessions, Spain
A. permitted nobles to administer lands without royal interference.
B. retained local Indian rulers as clients provided they were loyal to Spain.
C. transferred political authority to Catholic bishops and priests.
D. intermarried with ruling Indian elites to create an administrative class.
E. built capital cities staffed with trained bureaucrats and royal officials.
4. Prior to the 1520s, Spanish interest in the Caribbean was initially limited to
A. exporting Indian slaves to Europe.
B. harvesting sugar, cotton, and tobacco.
C. obtaining land to resettle the overpopulation of Spain.
D. the search for gold and spices.
E. converting Indians to Catholicism.
5. To furnish labor for their estates in the Americas, Spain
A. imported Spanish peasants.
B. utilized Indian labor or imported African slaves.
C. began to pay laborers wages.
D. recruited European settlers.
E. made land grants to immigrants, who worked the land and paid a percentage
of their profit to Spain.
6. The Spanish assimilation of the American peoples and the replacement of Indian
by Spanish cultures were facilitated by he
A. demographic die off of Indian populations caused by European diseases.
B. introduction of the Spanish language with its alphabet.
C. use of superior weapons.
D. utilization of European technologies.
E. introduction of the institutions of government and law.
7. In regard to the atrocities and harsh treatment of the Indians by the
conquistadors, the Spanish crown
A. ignored complaints and supported the conquerors.
B. appointed the Church protector of the Indians.
C. often agreed with those who defended the Indians, but did not stop the
conquests.
D. created courts of inquiry and put the conquerors on trial for their crimes.
E. stopped the conquests.
8. Exploitation of the Indians in the Americas
A. was restricted to forced labor.
B. included forced labor, taxes, low wages, and the appropriation of their lands.
C. subsided in the mid-16th century when slavery was outlawed.
D. drove the Indians to isolate themselves away from the Spaniards.
E. was confined to the estates and plantation of the small ruling class.
9. The dislocation of native plants and animals by European crops and
domesticated animals and the devastation of natives by European diseases is
referred to as
A. the Columbian Exchange.
B. the Great Migration.
C. an environmental disaster.
D. ecological imperialism.
E. the Great Die-off.
10. The Columbian Exchanges involved all of these EXCEPT the:
A. transplanting of European crops and livestock to the Americas.
B. voluntary or forced immigration of peoples to the Americas.
C. spread of diseases to and from the Americas.
D. migration of basic American crops and stimulants to Africa, Asia, and
Europe.
E. spread of American livestock to Africa and American Indians to the Pacific
islands.
11. Prior to 1800, the most profitable economic activity for Spain in its colonies was
A. the export of finished goods to Europe.
B. mining and smelting of metals.
C. ranching and herding.
D. agriculture.
E. manufacture and processing of cottons and cloth.
12. The export of silver from the Americas led to all of these outcomes EXCEPT:
A. discouraging foreign rivals and pirates.
B. paying for Spain’s religious and dynastic wars.
C. causing a sharp inflation in Western Europe.
D. exchange of silver for Chinese luxuries Europeans desired.
E. the increasing impoverishment and bankruptcy of Spain.
13. Within the Spanish American Empire, the Roman Catholic Church
A. administered the state bureaucracy.
B. administered the state judicial system.
C. supported the state, influenced cultural life, and defended Indian rights.
D. was the largest landholder.
E. had no major role because the kings feared their influence amongst the
Indians and the poor.
14. Unlike Spanish Latin America, in Portuguese Brazil
A. Indians retained their rights and properties.
B. gold was the most important mineral extracted prior to the 17th century.
C. Caucasian Europeans flocked to settle the land.
D. the Roman Catholic clergy administered the state.
E. sugar and sugar refining provided the most important economic activity.
15. When Portuguese domination of the sugar refining market ended in Brazil,
A. Holland seized control of Brazil.
B. gold and gold strikes continually brought in new settlers and opened new
lands.
C. France bought Brazil from Portugal.
D. Brazil began to grow wines for export.
E. Brazil stagnated and much of the colony reverted back to Indian control.
16. The conquest and settlement of Latin America by Spain and Portugal
A. led to the spread of native American cultures to Europe.
B. encouraged the settlement of large numbers of Europeans in the Americas.
C. led to the spread of Islam amongst the Indian populations.
D. led to the rise of a multiracial, casted society with much miscegenation.
E. had little effect on the culture of the Americas.
17. Under the doctrine of mercantilism, Spain and Portugal encouraged their Latin
American colonies to
A. buy manufactured goods only from the mother country.
B. permit foreign merchants to trade within the empires.
C. allow the free settlement of English colonists within the New World.
D. practice free trade.
E. become self-sufficient.
IX.
ESSAY QUESTIONS
A. Compare and contrast Latin American and Russian systems of labor.
B. Compare and contrast the Hindu conquest of India or the Roman acquisition of
its empire with the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
C. How did Latin American demography and environment change from the
classical age through the Spanish and Portuguese colonization?
D. Compare and contrast Latin American colonial society with the institutions and
practices of the Arab Empire.
E. Compare and contrast Spanish colonial society with Medieval European society.