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Student Study Guide for the American Pageant
Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812–1824
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Americans began the War of 1812 with high hopes of
conquering Canada. But their strategy and efforts
were badly flawed, and before long British and
Canadian forces had thrown the United States on the
defensive. The Americans fared somewhat better in
naval warfare, but by 1814 the British had burned
Washington and were threatening New Orleans. The
Treaty of Ghent ended the war in a stalemate that
solved none of the original issues. But Americans
counted the war a success and increasingly turned
away from European affairs and toward isolationism.
The Era of Good Feelings was soon threatened by the
Panic of 1819, caused largely by excessive land
speculation and unstable banks. An even more serious
threat came from the first major sectional dispute over
slavery, which was postponed but not really resolved
by the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
Despite some secessionist talk by New Englanders at
the Hartford Convention, the ironic outcome of the
divisive war was a strong surge of American
nationalism and unity. Political conflict virtually
disappeared during the “Era of Good Feelings” under
President Madison. A fervent new nationalism
appeared in diverse areas of culture, economics and
foreign policy.
Nationalism also led to a more assertive American
foreign policy. Andrew Jackson’s military adventures
in Spanish Florida resulted in the cession of that
territory to the U.S. American fears of European
intervention in Latin America encouraged Monroe and
J. Q. Adams to lay down the Monroe Doctrine.
Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme
Court further enhanced its role as the major force
upholding a powerful national government and
conservative defense of property rights. Marshall’s
rulings partially checked the general movement
toward states’ rights and popular democracy.
GLOSSARY - To build your social science vocabulary, familiarize yourself with the following terms:
regiment A medium-sized military unit, larger than a company or battalion and smaller than a division.
mediation An intervention, usually by consent of the parties, to aid in voluntarily settling differences between
groups or nations. (Arbitration involves a mandatory settlement determined by a third party.)
armistice A temporary stopping of warfare by mutual agreement, usually in preparation for an actual peace
negotiation between the parties.
dynasty A succession of rulers in the same family line; by extension, any system of predetermined succession in
power.
reaction (reactionary) In politics, extreme conservatism, looking to restore the political or socia conditions of some
earlier time.
protection (protective) In economics, the policy of stimulating or preserving domestic producer, by placing barriers
against imported goods, often through high tariffs.
raw materials Products in their natural, unmanufactured state.
internal improvements The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic
development.
intrastate Something existing wholly within a state of the United States. (Interstate refers to movement between two
or more states.)
depression In economics, a severe and very prolonged period of declining economic activity, high unemployment, and
low wages and prices.
boom In economics, period of sudden, spectacular expansion of business activity or prices.
wildcat bank An unregulated, speculative bank that issues notes without sufficient capital to back them.
peculiar institution Widely used term for the institution of American black slavery.
demagogic (demagogue) Concerning a leader who stirs up the common people by appeals to emotion and prejudice,
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often for selfish or irrational ends.
contract In law, an agreement in which each of two or more parties binds themselves to perform some act in exchange for
what the other party similarly pledges to do.
Explain the specific conditions of the United States military on the eve of the War of 1812: (pg 233) ________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
Canada became an important battleground in the War of 1812 because: (pg. 233) _______________________________
_______________________________________________________.
The performance of the United States' Navy in the War of 1812 could be best described as: (pg. 234) ________________
___________________________________________________________________.
The British attack on Fort McHenry inspired : (pg. 235) ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
Where did the British suffer their most devastating defeat in the War of 1812? (pg. 236) _________________________
___________________________.
Describe the main points of the Battle of New Orleans? ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
How did the British respond to American naval victories during the War of 1812? (pg. 237)
______________________________________________________________________________________________.
At the peace conference at Ghent, the British began to withdraw many of its earlier demands for all of the following
reasons except: (pg. 237)
a) reverses in upper New York.
d) concern about the still dangerous France.
b) a loss at Baltimore.
e) the American victory at New Orleans.
c) increasing war weariness in Britain.
Explain the details of what transpired at the Hartford Convention: (pg. 237-238) _______________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
How significant was the War of 1812 to the global community? ____________________________________
_________________________________________________.
How did the outcome of the War of 1812 affect Americans? (pg. 240) _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
What was the purpose of the Tariff of 1816? ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________.
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Describe Henry Clay's American System, including its opponents and proponents: ______________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
The panic of 1819 brought with it all of the following except: (pg. 243)
A)
inflation.
D)
debtor's prisons.
B)
unemployment.
E)
bankruptcies.
C)
bank failures.
What were the major causes of the panic of 1819? (pg. 243) ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________.
The western land boom resulted from all of the following except: (pg. 244)
A) it was a continuation of the old westward movement. B) land exhaustion in older tobacco states. C) speculators
accepted small down payments. D) the frontier was pacified with the defeat of the Indians. E) the construction of
railroad lines west of the Mississippi River.
What was the South’s response to the Tallmadge Amendment? (pg. 245) ____________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________.
What was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Territory? (pg. 246)
____________________________________________
Explain all of the circumstances surrounding the Missouri Compromise: (pg. 245) _______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
Study the map on page 247 and read the caption. What was Thomas Jefferson’s response to the Missouri Compromise?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________.
Explain John Marshall’s philosophy towards Constitutional interpretation? (pg. 248) _____________________________
________________________________________________________________________.
In McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v. Virginia, and Gibbons v. Ogden, Chief Justice Marshall's rulings limited the extent
of: (pg. 248-249) __________________________________________.
What was decided in the Court Case Fletcher v. Peck? (pg. 250) ___________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________.
The United States' most successful diplomat in the Era of Good Feelings was: (pg. 251) _________________________
____________________________.
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What were the conditions of the Treaty of 1818 with England? _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
Explain the process that led the United States to gaining Florida in 1819: ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________.
Why was Britain opposed to Spain reestablishing its authority in Latin American countries that had successfully revolted? (pg. 252)
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________.
What was the main principle behind the Monroe Doctrine? __________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
The Monroe Doctrine was necessary because ____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.
Latin America's reaction to the Monroe Doctrine can best be described as: (pg. 254)
A) enthusiastic. B) fearful of the United States. C) unconcerned or unimpressed. D) relying on Britain to void it.
E) none of the above.
The Monroe Doctrine was: (pg. 255)
A) a striking new departure in American foreign policy. B) quickly codified into international law. C) a binding pledge
on each subsequent presidential administration. D) an expression of the illusion of deepening American isolationism
from world affairs. E) a commitment by the United States to internationalism.
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