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Transcript
2012 Midterm Study Session! Chap 1 1. According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of 2. The person who established America's first psychological research laboratory and who launched America's first psychology journal was 3. The first president of the American Psychological Association (APA) was 4. Introspection was most likely to be used by 5. The first woman to serve as President of the American Psychological Association was 6. The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is most consistent with the views of 7. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called 8. The psychologist who proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior was 9. Alison believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the experiences they have. Alison's views are most consistent with the 10. The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was 11. The theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, is 12. The theoretical viewpoint that is most closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is 13. The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is called C Chap 2 14. Which of the following groups is most likely to have been used as subjects for psychological research? 15. Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called 16. A hypothesis is 17. In an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the 18. The purpose of the control group is to 19. In experiments, placing subjects in experimental groups such that each subject has an equal probability of ending up in any experimental group is referred to as 20. In the Featured Study on how expectations influence reaction to positive and negative outcomes, the dependent variable was 21. Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that 22. The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores, such that half the scores fall below that score and half the scores fall above it, is the 23. The standard deviation is a measure of 24. Placebos are used in research to control for 25. One method to control for experimenter bias effects in research is to use Chap 3 26. ____ receive information from other neurons; ____ transmit information to other neurons. 27. Faster neural impulses occur in 28. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which information flows in a neuron? 29. The tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is not receiving and/or sending information is called 30. When sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into a neuron, it causes 31. The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by 32. If action potentials follow the all-or-none principle how is it possible for us to distinguish between different levels of stimulus intensity? 33. If IPSP's did not exist 34. Reabsorption of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron is referred to as 35. An agonist 36. An antagonist 37. Abnormalities at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses appear to play a role in which of the following? 38. ____ nerves receive information, while ____ nerves carry out instructions. 39. That part of the nervous system that controls digestion and flow of blood is the 40. Erin suffered a brain injury and her neurologist has told her that there is damage to her reticular formation. In this instance, Erin is most likely to experience 41. The brain structure that appears to play a vital role in the regulation of temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation is the 42. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the regulation of emotion? 43. The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the 44. In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located? 45. The most recent research investigating the brain's plasticity suggests that 46. If you have difficulty understanding the meaning of someone's speech, you may suspect damage to 47. In both split-brain people and neurologically intact people, the left hemisphere specializes in 48. The system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream is known as the Chap 4 49. According to psychologists, the minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is 50. According to psychologists, the smallest difference in stimulus intensity that a specific sense can detect is 51. According to ____, the ability to detect a stimulus depends not only on the intensity of the stimulus but also on other variables such as the level of noise in the system and your expectations. 52. The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to 53. Sensory adaptation refers to 54. Overall, it appears that we perceive 55. The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of 56. If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in 57. The correct sequence of eye structures that light passes through en route to the retina is 58. Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on ____, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on ____. 59. The primary visual cortex is located in the 60. Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called 61. If you look at a sheet of notebook paper set on a table, the distal stimulus is the ____, and the proximal stimulus is the ____. 62. The binocular depth cue that relies on the fact that objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so that the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object is known as 63. Interposition refers to 64. Which of the following principles does the Ponzo illusion use to achieve its effect? 65. The Ames room, in which people are seen to get small or enlarge as they move about, demonstrates that our perception of the world depends strongly on 66. The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the 67. The correct order in which a sound stimulates the structures in the ear is 68. Which of the following best describes how we hear according to place theory? 69. The two major cues we use to localize sound sources in space are 70. Food generally tastes bland when you have a severe head cold because Chap 5 71. The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as 72. An electroencephalograph is a device that measures 73. The four basic EEG patterns are 74. The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is 75. Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of 76. Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep? 77. The most common known sleep disorder is 78. Sleep apnea is characterized by 79. The role-playing theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject 80. Research has shown that meditation can produce a physiological state similar to 81. A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as 82. The most widely used recreational drug in the United States is 83. A progressive decrease in one's response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called 84. John needs to continue to take doses of morphine to avoid withdrawal illness symptoms. John is demonstrating Chap 6 85. The initial stage of learning a response is called 86. Sally developed a fear of balconies from almost falling. Although she has had no dangerous experiences on bridges, cliffs, and the view from tall buildings, she now fears these stimuli as well. Which of the following is likely to have produced a fear of these other stimuli? 87. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which 88. ____ is to operant conditioning as ____ is to classical conditioning. 89. Ratio schedules always relate to the 90. Operant conditioning is another name for 91. When the UCS is removed and the CS is presented alone for a period of time, what will occur? 92. When the rat presses a lever, the mild electric shock on the cage floor is turned off. What procedure is being used? 93. The phenomenon of spontaneous recovery suggests that 94. A student who studies in order to earn high grades is working for ____; a student who studies in order to avoid low grades is working for ____. 95. Bette creates a television ad that alternates between images of garbage dumps and people drinking in a bar. She is hoping that people who watch the ad will develop negative feelings toward drinking. Bette is relying on 96. A worker receives $ 1.00 for every two units he assembles. He is being paid on a ____ schedule. 97. Given the same frequency of reinforcement, ____ schedules generate higher rates of responding than do ____ schedules. 98. The difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that 99. After watching his father wash the car, five-year-old Bob washes his bike. This is an example of 100. A researcher reinforces closer and closer approximations to a target behavior. What is the name of the procedure she is using? 101. Newly learned behavior that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as 102. A worker gets paid every Friday for completing his 40 hour work week. He is being paid on a ____ schedule. 103. You eat a new food and that night become ill with nausea and vomiting. Later you experience nausea whenever you taste or smell the new food. Why did you not associate your nausea with the cues of the room, the people present, the bathroom, and so on? 104. Pavlov found that meat powder placed on a dog's tongue will make the dog salivate. In Pavlov's terms, the meat powder is Chap 7 105. The three basic processes in memory are 106. Early-selection theories of attention propose that 107. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)? 108. Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using 109. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has 110. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory? 111. You are absorbed in reading your psychology text when the phone rings. After talking on the phone, you can't remember the last thing you read. This information was lost from ____ memory, because the phone conversation distracted you from ____ the information. 112. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items? 113. Penfield's studies suggest that long-lost memories can be elicited through electrical stimulation of the brain. This suggests the possibility that forgetting may be a matter of 114. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called 115. The process of deciding on whether a memory is based on an external source or an internal source is referred to as 116. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was 117. Pseudoforgetting is viewed as a function of 118. You have an exam at 8 a.m. and it is now 8 p.m. the night before. You have studied well. The best thing to do now is 119. The concept of motivated forgetting is based largely on the work of which of the following early psychologists? 120. Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which 121. Damage to which of the following is most likely to cause deficits in long-term memory? Chap 8 122. All of the following theorists EXCEPT ____ encouraged the study of cognitive activity which helped lead to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s. 123. The three essential characteristics of language are that it must be 124. The word "unchangeable" consists of 125. If you were to compare adult speech with the speech of infants under 4 months of age you should expect to find that 126. Valerie is 18 months old. Her productive vocabulary probably consists of 127. Fast mapping is 128. Overextension occurs when 129. Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child 130. Metalinguistic awareness refers to 131. Evidence from research studies investigating bilingualism suggest that 132. Pinker and Bloom (1992) suggest that human language may be a result of evolutionary processes because language allows humans to 133. According to Skinner, children learn a language 134. Noam Chomsky contended that 135. You are having a conversation with your psychology professor and he proposes that your language determines the nature of your thought. Which theorist would agree with his assertions? 136. Functional fixedness refers to 137. A methodical, step by step procedure for trying all possible alternatives in searching for a solution to a problem is 138. A mental "rule of thumb" for problem solving is referred to as 139. The concept of field dependence-independence highlights the importance of ____ in determining problem-solving skills. 140. The availability heuristic implies that people will ____ the frequency of events that are easy to remember and ____ the frequency of events that are hard to remember. 141. The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to 142. ____ tests measure general mental ability and ____ tests measure various aspects of people including motives, interests, values and attitudes. Chap 9 143. The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test? 144. The fact that a test is given with uniform procedures in administration and scoring means that the test has been 145. The fact that two people taking the same test in two different places will receive the same instructions, the same questions, and the same time limits means that the test has been 146. If a test yields nearly identical scores when it is retaken after a 2-month interval, the test is said to be 147. Which of the following represents the strongest test-retest reliability for a test? 148. A valid test is one that 149. Which theorist set out to improve on the measurement of intelligence in adults with an intelligence test with two major innovations; the first was that the score was less dependent on a subject's verbal ability and the second was the use of a deviation intelligence quotient? 150. Currently, the test that is most commonly used to assess adult intelligence is the 151. Who was originally responsible for developing IQ tests for all ages with both verbal and performance items and with subtest scores? 152. The correlation between IQ scores and performance within a particular occupation is best described as 153. The vast majority of retarded people are classified as 154. The environmental hypothesis suggests that mental retardation is 155. Terman's longitudinal study of gifted individuals has shown that gifted children 156. Which of the following statements regarding giftedness and achievement in life is most accurate? 157. The consensus among most researchers is that the heritability of intelligence is 158. The Flynn effect is the finding that 159. According to the reaction range model, children 160. According to Robert Sternberg, intelligence can be divided into three major parts. These three components of intelligence are