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The Holocaust Part II
I.
The Final Solution
A. Concentration Camps
1. In these camps, ________________ of prisoners were killed
through ______________________, ________________,
___________________, and ________________, or were
________________ as unfit for labor.
2. The majority of these camps were located in occupied
________________; Why: Millions of Jews lived in this area.
3. In most camps, prisoners were forced to wear _______________
overalls with _______________ badges according to their
categorization: red triangles for Communists and other political
prisoners, green triangles for common criminals, pink for
homosexual men, purple for Jehovah’s Witnesses, black for
Gypsies and asocials, and yellow for Jews.
4. Prisoners were often transported using ___________ freight cars.
5. Due to the conditions in the cars, many ___________ before they
reached their destination.
6. The prisoners were confined to the rail cars, often for days or
weeks, without food or water. Many died of ________________
in the intense heat of summer or ___________ to death in winter.
7. ___________ to and ______________ the ___________ years of
WWII, concentration camps were used for _____________ labor
to manufacture war materials for the Germ. military.
8. However, towards the end of the war, these camps were used to
conduct horrific ________________ experiments including:
freezing, malaria, mustard gas, sulfonamide, sea water,
sterilization, typhus, poison, and incendiary bombs.
9. The camps were liberated by the ___________ between _______
and _________, often too late to save the prisoners remaining.
For example, when the UK entered Bergen-Belsen concentration
camp in 1945, 60,000 prisoners were found alive, but 10,000
died within a week of liberation due to typhus and malnutrition.
B. Extermination Camps
1. Extermination camps were built after the Wannsee Conference as
part of the “________________________________” for Jews.
2. They were built to conduct the ___________________ killing of
millions of people: _________ chambers (exhaust and Zyklon B)
3. Victims’ bodies were usually __________________ or buried in
mass _____________.
4. The groups of people that the Nazis sought to _______________
were primarily the ___________ of Europe and _____________
(Roma).
5. The majority of prisoners brought to extermination camps were
not expected to survive more than _______ hours beyond arrival.
6. ________________ II (Auschwitz-Birkenau): about 1,100,000 .
Up to __________ people were gassed every day by the spring of
__________.
7. Chełmno: about 152,000; Bełżec: about 434,500; Majdanek:
78,000; Sobibór: about 167,000; Treblinka: at least 700,000;
Maly Trostenets: at least 65,000
8. This gives a total of over _______ million, of which over ______
were __________. These camps thus accounted for about ______
the total number of Jews killed by the entire Nazi Holocaust,
including almost the whole Jewish population of ____________.
C. The Cover-up and the Death Marches
1. By mid-________, The Final Solution had mostly run its course:
The Jewish communities w/in reach of the Nazis had been
______________________.
2. However, with the advancing ______________ fronts, the Nazis
began their cover-up:
3. The __________ chambers were dismantled
4. The __________________ were dynamited
5. Mass graves dug up and the corpses cremated
6. Polish farmers were induced to plant crops on the sites to give
the impression that they had never ______________.
7. The cover-up also included _____________ ______________ of
surviving Jews back to Germ:
8. Already sick after months or years of ________________ and
_________________, prisoners were forced to march for tens of
__________ in the __________ to train stations; then transported
for days at a time without ___________ or _______________ in
freight trains with open carriages; and forced to march again at
the other end to the new camp. Those who lagged behind or fell
were __________. Around ________________ Jews died during
these marches.
9. The largest and best-known of the death marches took place in
_________________________, when the Soviet army advanced
on Poland. Nine days before the Soviets arrived at ___________,
the SS marched 60,000 prisoners out of the camp toward
Wodzislaw, 56 km (35 miles) away, where they were put on
freight trains to other camps. Around 15,000 died on the way.
Elie Wiesel and his father, Shlomo, were among the marchers.
D. Jewish Resistance
1. During WWII, the Nazis tried to keep both the killings and the
death camps ________________.
2. Why: Don’t want to ________________ Germ. public opinion of
the Nazis; don’t want to ________________ the resolve of the
Allies.
3. The Nazis were so __________________ in their cover-up that
even the Euro. Jews were unaware of what was going to happen
to them.
4. However, once people began to find out (liquidation of the
________________), Jewish and non-Jewish _______________
groups began to form.
5. There are many examples of Jewish resistance to the Holocaust,
most notably the _____________________________________
of January __________, when thousands of poorly armed Jewish
fighters held the _______ at bay for ________ weeks, and killed
several hundred Germans before being crushed by
overwhelmingly superior forces.
6. An estimated _______________ to _______________ Jewish
partisans actively fought the Nazis and their collaborators in
Eastern Europe. The Jewish Brigade, a unit of 5,000 volunteers
from the British Mandate of Palestine fought in the British Army.
German-speaking volunteers from the Special Interrogation
Group performed commando and sabotage operations against the
Nazis behind front lines in the Western Desert Campaign.
7. For the great majority of Jews resistance could take only the
_______________ forms of delay, evasion, negotiation,
bargaining and, where possible, bribery of German officials.
8. A major factor hindering Jewish resistance both inside and
outside of the ghettos was the widespread ____________ of
_________________ for the Jews.
9. ______________________________ Euros in occupied areas
helped the Nazis hunt down Jews, and pro-Nazi govs., such as
those of Fr., Italy, and Hungary, sent tens of thousands of Jews to
the death camps.
10. Most people in occupied areas did nothing to help the Jews for
fear of _______________________, however, there were small
numbers of people who would provide helps to Jews and other
persecuted people.
E. Why Did the Allies Not Do Anything Sooner?
1. During the Holocaust, ________________ and news of the
mistreatment of Jews and other groups of people had reached the
outside world, but little action was taken to help them.
2. Why: Allied govs. believed that ________________ the war and
___________________ the _____________ was the only way
they could help those suffering from Nazi injustices.
3. It would only be until ___________ WWII when the full horrors
of the Holocaust were known; justice would be served through
the ________________________ Trials.
F. The Nuremburg Trials
1. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of trials most notable for the
prosecution of prominent members of the ________________,
________________ and ________________ leadership of Nazi
Germany.
2. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany, from
1945 to 1949, at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.
3. The Trials were divided into ______ sections:
4. The first (Nov. 20, 1945 – Oct. 1, 1946): Trial of the _________
War Criminals which tried _____ of the most important captured
leaders of Nazi Germany.
5. The second: Trial of _______________ War Criminals, included
the ________________ Trial and the Judges' Trial.
6. The 2 major reasons for holding the trials in Nuremburg were:
7. It was located in the ________________ zone of occupation
8. The Palace of Justice was spacious and largely undamaged (one
of the few that had remained largely intact through extensive
Allied bombing of Germany). A large prison was also part of the
complex.
9. The 24 major war criminals (including ________________ and
________________) were charged with a variety of crimes
including: ___________ crimes; ________________ crimes;
________________ crimes
10. Sentences for those charged included: _____________ sentences
ranging from ______ years to _________ and death by ________
(same in Doctors’ Trial).
I. Doctors’ Trial
1. The Doctors’ Trial was part of the Lesser War Criminal Trials.
2. _______ of the _______ defendants were medical doctors and all
were accused of having been involved in Nazi _______________
___________________________.
3. The accused faced _____________ charges:
4. Conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against _________
as described in counts 2 and 3.
5. War crimes: performing _______________ experiments, without
the subjects' _______________, on prisoners of war and civilians
of occupied countries, and participation in the mass __________
of concentration camp inmates.
6. Crimes against humanity: committing crimes described under
count 2 also on German nationals.
7. Membership in a criminal organization, the _______.
J. The Legacy of the Holocaust
1. It remains the most _______________ and _______________
occurrence of _____________________ ___________________
in history.
2. The death toll of Nazi persecution ranges from _______ million;
_______ million of that range were _________________ people.
3. _______________ among human beings, including ____________________________, has not __________ since the Holocaust.