A non-canonical pathway for aromatic amino acid biosynthesis in
... Mündliche Prüfung am: 07/06/2010 ...
... Mündliche Prüfung am: 07/06/2010 ...
The Role in Translation of Editing and Multi
... amino acids (both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic), editing mechanisms are not evolutionarily conserved. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases are among the aaRSs lacking any known editing activity. The high specificity displayed by this aaRSs is achieved by taking advantage of the unique structural and chem ...
... amino acids (both proteinogenic and non-proteinogenic), editing mechanisms are not evolutionarily conserved. Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases are among the aaRSs lacking any known editing activity. The high specificity displayed by this aaRSs is achieved by taking advantage of the unique structural and chem ...
Yeast lipid metabolism at a glance
... enriched in PS, whereas cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) are predominantly found in mitochondria (Zinser et al., 1991). Besides PL, sphingolipids (SL) and sterols also contribute to the membrane architecture. SL are especially found in the plasma membrane, but also in other organelles ...
... enriched in PS, whereas cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) are predominantly found in mitochondria (Zinser et al., 1991). Besides PL, sphingolipids (SL) and sterols also contribute to the membrane architecture. SL are especially found in the plasma membrane, but also in other organelles ...
The metabolism of glucose by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
... Bacteria, because of the ease with which they may be grown, offer particular promise for the study of these newer metabolic pathways, Hhe research problems in this field involve mainly a study of the breakdown of hexoses by an oxidative mechanism either with or without the involvement of phosphate. ...
... Bacteria, because of the ease with which they may be grown, offer particular promise for the study of these newer metabolic pathways, Hhe research problems in this field involve mainly a study of the breakdown of hexoses by an oxidative mechanism either with or without the involvement of phosphate. ...
Biological significance of structural differences between two highly
... The structure of Uev1D30 was solved by molecular replacement using a poly-alanine model of Mms2 (PDB accession number: 1J74). The density for the core 140 residues of Uev1D30 was well ordered (Fig. 1B) and adopted a structure very similar to Mms2 [8] with an RMSD of 0.5 Å. This was expected given th ...
... The structure of Uev1D30 was solved by molecular replacement using a poly-alanine model of Mms2 (PDB accession number: 1J74). The density for the core 140 residues of Uev1D30 was well ordered (Fig. 1B) and adopted a structure very similar to Mms2 [8] with an RMSD of 0.5 Å. This was expected given th ...
Localization and nucleotide specificity of Blastocystis succinyl‐CoA
... in the absence of a classic mitochondrial electron transport chain, it is likely to be one of the main ATP producing enzymes in this parasite. Here we present the genes encoding both alpha and beta SCS subunits, their phylogenetic analysis, the cellular localization of SCS and a biochemical characte ...
... in the absence of a classic mitochondrial electron transport chain, it is likely to be one of the main ATP producing enzymes in this parasite. Here we present the genes encoding both alpha and beta SCS subunits, their phylogenetic analysis, the cellular localization of SCS and a biochemical characte ...
16. Energy Metabolism
... used in protein synthesis or, under conditions of short supply of glucose, transaminated with pyruvate to form the corresponding branched-chain -keto acids and alanine (21). Again, under conditions of glucose lack, those acids may be sent to the liver to be processed into energy sources for the live ...
... used in protein synthesis or, under conditions of short supply of glucose, transaminated with pyruvate to form the corresponding branched-chain -keto acids and alanine (21). Again, under conditions of glucose lack, those acids may be sent to the liver to be processed into energy sources for the live ...
Fermentation metabolism and its evolution in algae
... To sustain the flow of glycolytic metabolites when O2 availability severely limits aerobic respiration, the cells must re-oxidize NADH. In many bacteria the sugars are fermented to a mixture of ethanol and organic acids. This is achieved by reducing partially oxidized metabolic intermediates and form ...
... To sustain the flow of glycolytic metabolites when O2 availability severely limits aerobic respiration, the cells must re-oxidize NADH. In many bacteria the sugars are fermented to a mixture of ethanol and organic acids. This is achieved by reducing partially oxidized metabolic intermediates and form ...
Structural and Functional Basis of
... the heme prosthetic group positioned at the base of the peroxidase site. The epidermal growth factor domain and catalytic domain create the dimer interface and place the two membrane binding domains on the same face of the homodimer about 25 Å apart.25 The membrane binding domain of cyclooxygenase i ...
... the heme prosthetic group positioned at the base of the peroxidase site. The epidermal growth factor domain and catalytic domain create the dimer interface and place the two membrane binding domains on the same face of the homodimer about 25 Å apart.25 The membrane binding domain of cyclooxygenase i ...
Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts
... The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of reducing equiva ...
... The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of reducing equiva ...
Redox balances in the metabolism of sugars by yeasts
... The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of reducing equiva ...
... The fate of NADH in intermediary metabolism is much more complicated than that of NADPH. NADH is generated both in the cytosol (during glycolysis) and in the mitochondria (via TCA-cycle enzymes) (Fig. 2). In mammalian cells, various shuttle mechanisms are involved in the transport of reducing equiva ...
Scholarly Interest Report
... Noguchi M. "Reduction of oxaporphyrin ring of CO-bound α-verdoheme complexed with heme oxygenase-1 by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase." J.Inorg. Biochem, 105 (2011) : 286296. Tsai,A-L., Wu, G., Rogge,C.E.,Lu,J-M.,Peng S., van der Donk, W.A., Palmer, G., Gerfen, G. and Kulmacz, R. "Structural Compari ...
... Noguchi M. "Reduction of oxaporphyrin ring of CO-bound α-verdoheme complexed with heme oxygenase-1 by NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase." J.Inorg. Biochem, 105 (2011) : 286296. Tsai,A-L., Wu, G., Rogge,C.E.,Lu,J-M.,Peng S., van der Donk, W.A., Palmer, G., Gerfen, G. and Kulmacz, R. "Structural Compari ...
Structure-based design of inhibitors of NS3 serine protease
... -barrel that ends with a helix. The active site (His:57, Asp:81 and Ser:139) is located between these two regions and is formed by a shallow solvent exposed pocket requiring many interaction points for binding of substrates or inhibitors [8–11]. Thus, the NS3 protease displays substrate specificity ...
... -barrel that ends with a helix. The active site (His:57, Asp:81 and Ser:139) is located between these two regions and is formed by a shallow solvent exposed pocket requiring many interaction points for binding of substrates or inhibitors [8–11]. Thus, the NS3 protease displays substrate specificity ...
Citrate metabolism in lactic acid bacteria
... of C4 compounds by lactic acid bacteria proceeds in a similar way as found in other organisms such as Bacillus subtilis [30], Klebsiella aerogenes [31], and Serratia marcescens [32]. In this pathway one C5-intermediate, a-acetolactate, is synthesized from two pyruvate molecules and subsequently deca ...
... of C4 compounds by lactic acid bacteria proceeds in a similar way as found in other organisms such as Bacillus subtilis [30], Klebsiella aerogenes [31], and Serratia marcescens [32]. In this pathway one C5-intermediate, a-acetolactate, is synthesized from two pyruvate molecules and subsequently deca ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... Glucose‐1‐P formed by phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen is converted into glucose‐6‐P by Phosphoglucomutase Glucose 6‐phosphate derived from glycogen can be: Used as a fuel for anaerobic or aerobic metabolism as in, for instance, muscle; Converted into free glucose in the liver and subsequ ...
... Glucose‐1‐P formed by phosphorolytic cleavage of glycogen is converted into glucose‐6‐P by Phosphoglucomutase Glucose 6‐phosphate derived from glycogen can be: Used as a fuel for anaerobic or aerobic metabolism as in, for instance, muscle; Converted into free glucose in the liver and subsequ ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... generally follows the curve shown in Fig. 2.2. Early stages of the reaction, the optical purity of the product is mainly determined by the selectivity (a) of the first reaction step, which constitutes an enantiotopos or enantioface differentiation, depending on the type of substrate. As the reaction ...
... generally follows the curve shown in Fig. 2.2. Early stages of the reaction, the optical purity of the product is mainly determined by the selectivity (a) of the first reaction step, which constitutes an enantiotopos or enantioface differentiation, depending on the type of substrate. As the reaction ...
Archive Microbiology
... this finding is not yet clear in the moment. In all other organisms tested, no significant activity was found for either the exchange or the synthesis reaction. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was assayed by the NAD + reduction and was present with high activity in E. colt, Azotobacter, Micrococc ...
... this finding is not yet clear in the moment. In all other organisms tested, no significant activity was found for either the exchange or the synthesis reaction. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was assayed by the NAD + reduction and was present with high activity in E. colt, Azotobacter, Micrococc ...
Purification and Characterization of Chorismate
... Chorismate synthase activity was not readily detectable in crude extracts of E. gracilis due to the presence of low molecular weight inhibitory material. To determine chorismate synthase activity in the crude extract, this material could be removed by gel filtration and it was lost during ammonium s ...
... Chorismate synthase activity was not readily detectable in crude extracts of E. gracilis due to the presence of low molecular weight inhibitory material. To determine chorismate synthase activity in the crude extract, this material could be removed by gel filtration and it was lost during ammonium s ...
Pyruvate Kinase
... Advantages and Disadvantages of Fermentation Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP in muscle cells, even when oxygen is in limited supply. Lactate, however, is toxic to cells. Initially, blood carries away lactate as it forms; eventually lactate builds up, lowering cell pH, and causing mus ...
... Advantages and Disadvantages of Fermentation Fermentation can provide a rapid burst of ATP in muscle cells, even when oxygen is in limited supply. Lactate, however, is toxic to cells. Initially, blood carries away lactate as it forms; eventually lactate builds up, lowering cell pH, and causing mus ...
Objectives 30 - u.arizona.edu
... 1. Attachment of the acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the CE & the malonyl group from malonyl CoA to ACP 2. Acetyl group from CE condenses with the malonyl residue on the ACP causing the release of CO2 & leaving a 4 carbon intermediate covalently bound to ACP 3. 2 molecules of NADPH from niacin a 4 c ...
... 1. Attachment of the acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the CE & the malonyl group from malonyl CoA to ACP 2. Acetyl group from CE condenses with the malonyl residue on the ACP causing the release of CO2 & leaving a 4 carbon intermediate covalently bound to ACP 3. 2 molecules of NADPH from niacin a 4 c ...
Enzymatic function of nitric oxide synthases
... studies [20–22]. In contrast, the binding sites for L-arginine, haem, and BH 4 in the oxygenase domain are less well characterised, although several residues have been identified which are important for BH 4 binding (C99 in eNOS [23], G450 and A453 in iNOS [24]). A polypeptide of this region (558–72 ...
... studies [20–22]. In contrast, the binding sites for L-arginine, haem, and BH 4 in the oxygenase domain are less well characterised, although several residues have been identified which are important for BH 4 binding (C99 in eNOS [23], G450 and A453 in iNOS [24]). A polypeptide of this region (558–72 ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... missing metabolic reactions it is also crucial to include bioinformatic predictions or alternative computational methods (Orth and Palsson 2010). Two types of missing metabolic reactions can be distinguished: gap and orphan reactions. The first ones are those without experimental results confirming ...
... missing metabolic reactions it is also crucial to include bioinformatic predictions or alternative computational methods (Orth and Palsson 2010). Two types of missing metabolic reactions can be distinguished: gap and orphan reactions. The first ones are those without experimental results confirming ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.