Treatise of Human Nature Book III: Morals
... seriously claimed that such a falsehood is indeed the foundation of all guilt and moral ugliness. [This was William Wollaston, who died about 15 years before Hume wrote the Treatise.] To see that he was wrong about that, we need only consider this: When a false conclusion is drawn from an action, th ...
... seriously claimed that such a falsehood is indeed the foundation of all guilt and moral ugliness. [This was William Wollaston, who died about 15 years before Hume wrote the Treatise.] To see that he was wrong about that, we need only consider this: When a false conclusion is drawn from an action, th ...
pptx - CSE, IIT Bombay
... • We investigated the applicability of logic as a language for the representation of a number of medical reasoning models. • It was shown that the language of first-order predicate logic allowed for the precise, and compact, representation of these models. • Generally, in translating domain knowledg ...
... • We investigated the applicability of logic as a language for the representation of a number of medical reasoning models. • It was shown that the language of first-order predicate logic allowed for the precise, and compact, representation of these models. • Generally, in translating domain knowledg ...
MORAL DEVELOPMENT and Kohlberg`s Theory of Moral
... was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the ...
... was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the ...
Name:
... Inductive reasoning: patterns, observation, experience Deductive reasoning: fact-based Law of Detachment Given p q Hypothesis happens Conclusion occurs Law of Syllogism If p q and q r, then p r (similar in logic to transitive property) ...
... Inductive reasoning: patterns, observation, experience Deductive reasoning: fact-based Law of Detachment Given p q Hypothesis happens Conclusion occurs Law of Syllogism If p q and q r, then p r (similar in logic to transitive property) ...
What is Logic?
... Modal logic is a higher order logic. Allows us to reason about certainties, and possible worlds. If a statement A is contingent then we say that A is possibly true, which is written: ◊A If A is non-contingent, then it is necessarily true, which is written: A cf. “fuzzy logic” … to appear later ...
... Modal logic is a higher order logic. Allows us to reason about certainties, and possible worlds. If a statement A is contingent then we say that A is possibly true, which is written: ◊A If A is non-contingent, then it is necessarily true, which is written: A cf. “fuzzy logic” … to appear later ...
Logical Argument
... In philosophy, the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy: a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument which renders the argument invalid. However, it is often used more generally in informal discourse to mean an argument which is invalid for any reason, and thus encompasses in ...
... In philosophy, the term logical fallacy properly refers to a formal fallacy: a flaw in the structure of a deductive argument which renders the argument invalid. However, it is often used more generally in informal discourse to mean an argument which is invalid for any reason, and thus encompasses in ...
Deductive Reasoning
... While the mental rules and mental models theories have many differences, they both claim that the cognitive mechanism for deductive reasoning is a general-purpose reasoning mechanism central to reasoning and problem solving. There are several alternative views that deny this claim. One view is that ...
... While the mental rules and mental models theories have many differences, they both claim that the cognitive mechanism for deductive reasoning is a general-purpose reasoning mechanism central to reasoning and problem solving. There are several alternative views that deny this claim. One view is that ...
1.2 Inductive Reasoning
... – Sometimes it is true and other times it is false – True for some cases does not prove true in general – To prove true, have to prove true in all cases – Considered false if not always true. – To prove false, need only 1 counterexample ...
... – Sometimes it is true and other times it is false – True for some cases does not prove true in general – To prove true, have to prove true in all cases – Considered false if not always true. – To prove false, need only 1 counterexample ...
Chapter 7 Propositional and Predicate Logic
... Monotonicity(不受破壞): Can a valid logical proof be made invalid by adding additional premises or assumptions? ...
... Monotonicity(不受破壞): Can a valid logical proof be made invalid by adding additional premises or assumptions? ...
logica and critical thinking
... Be the master of your own life To ask “why?” is to ask for the reasons for some beliefs and opinions (that is, to find out the premises for a certain conclusion) To evaluate how the reasons successfully support the claim (that is, to evaluate how the premises support the conclusion ) A critical thin ...
... Be the master of your own life To ask “why?” is to ask for the reasons for some beliefs and opinions (that is, to find out the premises for a certain conclusion) To evaluate how the reasons successfully support the claim (that is, to evaluate how the premises support the conclusion ) A critical thin ...
Logic in Proofs (Valid arguments) A theorem is a hypothetical
... A theorem is a hypothetical statement of the form H 6 C, where H is a (compound) statement which is taken as being true, and C is a statement which follows from H by logical reasoning. Example: [(p 6 q) v (q 6 r) v (¬ r)] 6 (¬ p) An argument in logic is a way to reach a conclusion based on prior sta ...
... A theorem is a hypothetical statement of the form H 6 C, where H is a (compound) statement which is taken as being true, and C is a statement which follows from H by logical reasoning. Example: [(p 6 q) v (q 6 r) v (¬ r)] 6 (¬ p) An argument in logic is a way to reach a conclusion based on prior sta ...
Basic Terms in Logic - Law, Politics, and Philosophy
... The truth value of a statement is not proven by logicians but of empirical scientists, researchers and private detectives. Logicians only study the reasoning found on statements and not the question of their truth values. ...
... The truth value of a statement is not proven by logicians but of empirical scientists, researchers and private detectives. Logicians only study the reasoning found on statements and not the question of their truth values. ...
IntroToLogic - Department of Computer Science
... The validity of first order logic is not decidable. (It is semi-decidable.) If a theorem is logically entailed by an axiom, you can prove that it is. But if it is not, you can’t necessarily prove that it is not. (You may go on infinitely with your ...
... The validity of first order logic is not decidable. (It is semi-decidable.) If a theorem is logically entailed by an axiom, you can prove that it is. But if it is not, you can’t necessarily prove that it is not. (You may go on infinitely with your ...
coppin chapter 07e
... Decidability: Does an algorithm exist that will determine if a wff is valid? Monotonicity: Can a valid logical proof be made invalid by adding additional premises or assumptions? ...
... Decidability: Does an algorithm exist that will determine if a wff is valid? Monotonicity: Can a valid logical proof be made invalid by adding additional premises or assumptions? ...
Anzai Masahiro
... I don’t want to advocate Buddhism or tradition of Indian philosophy.But,I would compare them with“logos-centrism”from the view point of relationships. In the western world,I think that “Trinity”belongs to“ultra―logos”type and orthodox Christianity need it to express divine and compassionate relation ...
... I don’t want to advocate Buddhism or tradition of Indian philosophy.But,I would compare them with“logos-centrism”from the view point of relationships. In the western world,I think that “Trinity”belongs to“ultra―logos”type and orthodox Christianity need it to express divine and compassionate relation ...
Programming and Problem Solving with Java: Chapter 14
... Decidability: Does an algorithm exist that will determine if a wff is valid? Monotonicity: Can a valid logical proof be made invalid by adding additional premises or assumptions? ...
... Decidability: Does an algorithm exist that will determine if a wff is valid? Monotonicity: Can a valid logical proof be made invalid by adding additional premises or assumptions? ...
PHIL 5973: Mental Causation Seminar
... our judgments (and the judgments of experts) regarding valid inference are ultimately based on intuition. Against a), Cohen argues: 1. The principles of comprehensiveness, consistency, and simplicity, by which we evaluate theories, must at least be granted some special status that rests on intuition ...
... our judgments (and the judgments of experts) regarding valid inference are ultimately based on intuition. Against a), Cohen argues: 1. The principles of comprehensiveness, consistency, and simplicity, by which we evaluate theories, must at least be granted some special status that rests on intuition ...
deductive reasoning
... What is Philosophy? A rational investigation into a range of topics and aspects of human existence Who does Philosophy? Everyone, particularly anyone that asks philosophical questions. Why do we do Philosophy? ...
... What is Philosophy? A rational investigation into a range of topics and aspects of human existence Who does Philosophy? Everyone, particularly anyone that asks philosophical questions. Why do we do Philosophy? ...
The Problem of Induction
... line of reasoning that leads from an inductive premise to the corresponding conclusion and offers an extremely influential argument in the form of a dilemma (sometimes referred to as “Hume’s fork”) to show that there can be no such reasoning. Such reasoning would, he argues, have to be either a prio ...
... line of reasoning that leads from an inductive premise to the corresponding conclusion and offers an extremely influential argument in the form of a dilemma (sometimes referred to as “Hume’s fork”) to show that there can be no such reasoning. Such reasoning would, he argues, have to be either a prio ...
Logical Fallacies Chart APLAC TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE 1
... appearance is in the form of a challenging question, because questions with contradictory premises are such brain teasers. Someone tries to win support for their argument or idea by exploiting her or his opponent's feelings of pity or guilt. In false analogies, though A and B may be similar in one r ...
... appearance is in the form of a challenging question, because questions with contradictory premises are such brain teasers. Someone tries to win support for their argument or idea by exploiting her or his opponent's feelings of pity or guilt. In false analogies, though A and B may be similar in one r ...
Emotions, attitudes and communication
... • ToM is expected in many species • Imitation, simulation and representation are evolutionary stages of cognitive and ...
... • ToM is expected in many species • Imitation, simulation and representation are evolutionary stages of cognitive and ...
Faith v. Reason? - John Carroll University
... evidence they have, but in religious contexts we find them being praised for ignoring defects in the evidence and persisting in spite of them.” ...
... evidence they have, but in religious contexts we find them being praised for ignoring defects in the evidence and persisting in spite of them.” ...
Logic and Reasoning
... …reaching a conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning – the creation of new ideas or information from existing ideas or information – the process of creating new statements from other statements • these statements are called Propositions • Propositional Logic—the logic of propositions—analyz ...
... …reaching a conclusion on the basis of evidence and reasoning – the creation of new ideas or information from existing ideas or information – the process of creating new statements from other statements • these statements are called Propositions • Propositional Logic—the logic of propositions—analyz ...
Reason
Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. It is closely associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, science, language, mathematics, and art and is normally considered to be a definitive characteristic of human nature.The concept of reason is sometimes referred to as rationality and sometimes as discursive reason, in opposition to intuitive reason.Reason or ""reasoning"" is associated with thinking, cognition, and intellect. Reason, like habit or intuition, is one of the ways by which thinking comes from one idea to a related idea. For example, it is the means by which rational beings understand themselves to think about cause and effect, truth and falsehood, and what is good or bad. It is also closely identified with the ability to self-consciously change beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and institutions, and therefore with the capacity for freedom and self-determination.In contrast to reason as an abstract noun, a reason is a consideration which explains or justifies some event, phenomenon or behaviour. The field of logic studies ways in which human beings reason through argument.Psychologists and cognitive scientists have attempted to study and explain how people reason, e.g. which cognitive and neural processes are engaged, and how cultural factors affect the inferences that people draw. The field of automated reasoning studies how reasoning may or may not be modeled computationally. Animal psychology considers the question of whether animals other than humans can reason.