Is Zimbabwe More Productive Than the United States? Some
... development. First, the data of all economies are grouped into four categories of status of economic development according to the World Bank. In the World Bank’s classification system, economies are ranked by their levels of gross national income (GNI) per capita. These economies are then classified ...
... development. First, the data of all economies are grouped into four categories of status of economic development according to the World Bank. In the World Bank’s classification system, economies are ranked by their levels of gross national income (GNI) per capita. These economies are then classified ...
Latin America and the Caribbean 2030 - Inter
... world—as Asia has done already. This publication makes ...
... world—as Asia has done already. This publication makes ...
Policy Plus: African Growth Performance 1960-2000
... the Emerging Africa project (Berthelemy and Soderling (2001, 2002)), both of which provide sustained treatments of country-level growth experience that are deeply informed by the cross-country literature. ...
... the Emerging Africa project (Berthelemy and Soderling (2001, 2002)), both of which provide sustained treatments of country-level growth experience that are deeply informed by the cross-country literature. ...
Why Have So Few Countries Industrialised?
... Figure 4.13. Capital goods’ imports, as % of gross domestic investments, 5year averages, 1960-2005 ........................................................................... 121 Figure 4.14. FDI inflows, as % of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 5-year averages, 1970-05 ............................... ...
... Figure 4.13. Capital goods’ imports, as % of gross domestic investments, 5year averages, 1960-2005 ........................................................................... 121 Figure 4.14. FDI inflows, as % of Gross Fixed Capital Formation, 5-year averages, 1970-05 ............................... ...
PDF Full-text
... FDI flows using different econometric techniques for 83 developing countries’ data samples for the period 1984–2003. Their study revealed that an absence of internal conflict as well as ethnic tension, government stability, basic democratic rights and order significantly determine an inflow of FDI. ...
... FDI flows using different econometric techniques for 83 developing countries’ data samples for the period 1984–2003. Their study revealed that an absence of internal conflict as well as ethnic tension, government stability, basic democratic rights and order significantly determine an inflow of FDI. ...
It`s Not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and
... driving force in economic growth,2 this paper presents evidence regarding the sources of economic growth, the patterns of economic growth, the patterns of factor flows, and the impact of national policies on economic growth that suggest that “something else” besides capital accumulation is critical ...
... driving force in economic growth,2 this paper presents evidence regarding the sources of economic growth, the patterns of economic growth, the patterns of factor flows, and the impact of national policies on economic growth that suggest that “something else” besides capital accumulation is critical ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES MARKET ACCESS, OPENNESS AND GROWTH John Romalis
... that market access may give rise to agglomeration benefits, leading to higher income levels (see for instance Paul Krugman and Anthony Venables (1995) for theory and Mary Amiti and Lisa Cameron (2004) for empirical confirmation). Empirical studies of the effect of trade on growth are usually either ...
... that market access may give rise to agglomeration benefits, leading to higher income levels (see for instance Paul Krugman and Anthony Venables (1995) for theory and Mary Amiti and Lisa Cameron (2004) for empirical confirmation). Empirical studies of the effect of trade on growth are usually either ...
Asiaphoria Meet Regression to the Mean
... The rise of Asia is a story in at least four parts, with the fourth not yet known. The first is the dramatic rise of Japan from the aftermath of World War II to a prosperous and productive economy and global leader by the 1980s. The second is the rise of the East Asian Dragons—led by the four “Asian ...
... The rise of Asia is a story in at least four parts, with the fourth not yet known. The first is the dramatic rise of Japan from the aftermath of World War II to a prosperous and productive economy and global leader by the 1980s. The second is the rise of the East Asian Dragons—led by the four “Asian ...
Free Full Text ( Final Version , 605kb )
... 2. Theoretical Framework of Economic Growth The past fifty years has seen a considerate amount of literature explaining the phenomenon and sustainability of economic growth. Over time, economists have sought to identify the sources of growth and tried to provide for a model which accounts for the l ...
... 2. Theoretical Framework of Economic Growth The past fifty years has seen a considerate amount of literature explaining the phenomenon and sustainability of economic growth. Over time, economists have sought to identify the sources of growth and tried to provide for a model which accounts for the l ...
Convergence and Catching Up in South
... at least three different types of convergence tests in the growth literature. The most common test of convergence is to regress the average growth rate on the initial level of real per capita output (with coefficient β) using cross section data (see Barro, 1991). A negative estimate of β is said to ...
... at least three different types of convergence tests in the growth literature. The most common test of convergence is to regress the average growth rate on the initial level of real per capita output (with coefficient β) using cross section data (see Barro, 1991). A negative estimate of β is said to ...
Cyclical fluctuations in the Mediterranean basin - e
... The nature and the transmission properties of business cycles around the globe have dramatically changed since the early 1980s. On the one hand, emerging market economies now play an important role in the shaping world business cycles, previously determined by a handful of developed countries. On th ...
... The nature and the transmission properties of business cycles around the globe have dramatically changed since the early 1980s. On the one hand, emerging market economies now play an important role in the shaping world business cycles, previously determined by a handful of developed countries. On th ...
The Importance of Manufacturing in Economic - unu
... international competition. The prominence of multi-national companies in the global economy influences access to knowledge and technology. The rise of China as a workplace of the world makes it harder for late industrializers to enter markets for manufactured products. Jobless growth in manufacturin ...
... international competition. The prominence of multi-national companies in the global economy influences access to knowledge and technology. The rise of China as a workplace of the world makes it harder for late industrializers to enter markets for manufactured products. Jobless growth in manufacturin ...
Here - World bank documents
... unprecedented pace and in unusual ways, making them especially interesting for such research. This book speaks directly to our lack of information about structural change and growth in developing countries. It includes four African countries— Botswana, Ghana, Nigeria, and Zambia—all of which have ex ...
... unprecedented pace and in unusual ways, making them especially interesting for such research. This book speaks directly to our lack of information about structural change and growth in developing countries. It includes four African countries— Botswana, Ghana, Nigeria, and Zambia—all of which have ex ...
AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF BINDING CONSTRAINTS TO
... As illustrated in Figure 4 above, South Korea and China started at more or less the same level of development as Zimbabwe, when comparing their per capita incomes. Zimbabwe’s per capita income was three times that of China in 1979. The Chinese per capita income, however, reached US$5 430 in 2011, al ...
... As illustrated in Figure 4 above, South Korea and China started at more or less the same level of development as Zimbabwe, when comparing their per capita incomes. Zimbabwe’s per capita income was three times that of China in 1979. The Chinese per capita income, however, reached US$5 430 in 2011, al ...
3. Growth and equity: Dismantling the Kaldor–Kuznets–Solow consensus
... that the ‘inverted-U’ was not a pre-determined consequence of growth. Anand and Kanbur (1993) found a reversal of the inverted-U for a limited but methodologically consistent data set. By analyzing 3100 US counties, Nielsen and Alderson (1997) show a significant upswing in inequality in the US since ...
... that the ‘inverted-U’ was not a pre-determined consequence of growth. Anand and Kanbur (1993) found a reversal of the inverted-U for a limited but methodologically consistent data set. By analyzing 3100 US counties, Nielsen and Alderson (1997) show a significant upswing in inequality in the US since ...
Some Observations on the Convergence Experience of Turkey Murat ÜNGÖR
... Why are some countries rich and others poor? Why do income levels differ among countries? Why do growth rates differ? Why does per capita income increase over time? These questions and some related ones are among the most important questions in economics. In the last decade, these intellectually sti ...
... Why are some countries rich and others poor? Why do income levels differ among countries? Why do growth rates differ? Why does per capita income increase over time? These questions and some related ones are among the most important questions in economics. In the last decade, these intellectually sti ...
PPP Estimates: Applications by the International
... nominal GDP divided by the PPP exchange rate.14 The PPP GDP weights used in the WEO are expressed in international dollars. Exceptions are the results for groups of economies for exchange rates, interest rates, growth rates of monetary aggregates, the external economy, unemployment rates and employm ...
... nominal GDP divided by the PPP exchange rate.14 The PPP GDP weights used in the WEO are expressed in international dollars. Exceptions are the results for groups of economies for exchange rates, interest rates, growth rates of monetary aggregates, the external economy, unemployment rates and employm ...
The Penalties of Inefficient Infrastructure
... respectively. These three Euler equations plus the government budget constraint (equation (7)), the household’s budget constraint (equation (2)), and the transversality condition (limtÆ• b Ltkt+1 = 0) characterize the basic unit of analysis for the model’s solution. The variable Lt denotes the Lagra ...
... respectively. These three Euler equations plus the government budget constraint (equation (7)), the household’s budget constraint (equation (2)), and the transversality condition (limtÆ• b Ltkt+1 = 0) characterize the basic unit of analysis for the model’s solution. The variable Lt denotes the Lagra ...
Fiscal Federalism in Planned Economies
... regional resource transfers which, often are invisible, it is difficult to taken them into account in the explicit transfer systems. In this section, some important characteristics of the planned economies with implications for assignment of taxes and expenditures on the one hand, and creating invi ...
... regional resource transfers which, often are invisible, it is difficult to taken them into account in the explicit transfer systems. In this section, some important characteristics of the planned economies with implications for assignment of taxes and expenditures on the one hand, and creating invi ...
China-Japan-Korea (CJK)`s FTA Strategy towards ASEAN Countries
... formation of a formal economic grouping. However, the obstacles are deemed to be gradually diminished given the massive importance of the CJK’s triangular trade. From this point of view, trade within the East Asian region is deemed to have substantial movement as a result from the shift of trade tow ...
... formation of a formal economic grouping. However, the obstacles are deemed to be gradually diminished given the massive importance of the CJK’s triangular trade. From this point of view, trade within the East Asian region is deemed to have substantial movement as a result from the shift of trade tow ...
STRONG OR WEAK SUSTAINABILITY: A CASE STUDY OF EMERGING ASIA
... increase in population might hamper the development of society (Brander, 2007; Rogers, Jalal and Boyd, 2008). This belief of Malthus can be regarded as the first important step towards the concept of sustainable development. Although current discussions on sustainability are more scientific and incl ...
... increase in population might hamper the development of society (Brander, 2007; Rogers, Jalal and Boyd, 2008). This belief of Malthus can be regarded as the first important step towards the concept of sustainable development. Although current discussions on sustainability are more scientific and incl ...
successes and failures of economic transition of north and cent
... rates), which have devastating impact on output. On the other hand, strong institutional capacity does not lead automatically to responsible economic policies. Examples range from the USSR before it collapsed (strong import substitution and periodic outburst of open or hidden inflation) to such post ...
... rates), which have devastating impact on output. On the other hand, strong institutional capacity does not lead automatically to responsible economic policies. Examples range from the USSR before it collapsed (strong import substitution and periodic outburst of open or hidden inflation) to such post ...
Impact of Globalization on Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries
... force that shape the modern world. The concept is increasing its presence due to the weakening of the economic and national structures of societies. As it is defined by the concepts such as "new economy" and "post-industrial production", globalization created a radical transformation in the world ec ...
... force that shape the modern world. The concept is increasing its presence due to the weakening of the economic and national structures of societies. As it is defined by the concepts such as "new economy" and "post-industrial production", globalization created a radical transformation in the world ec ...
BRIC
In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. It is typically rendered as ""the BRICs"" or ""the BRIC countries"" or ""the BRIC economies"" or alternatively as the ""Big Four"". A related acronym, BRICS, includes South Africa.The acronym was coined in 2001 by Jim O'Neill from investment bank Goldman Sachs in a paper entitled ""Building Better Global Economic BRICs."" The acronym has come into widespread use as a symbol of the apparent shift in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the developing world.Projections on the future power of the BRIC economies vary widely. Some sources suggest that they might overtake the G7 economies by 2027. More modestly, Goldman Sachs has argued that, although the four BRIC countries are developing rapidly, it was only by 2050 that their combined economies could eclipse the combined economies of the current richest countries of the world.In 2010, however, while the four BRIC countries accounted for over a quarter of the world's land area and more than 40% of the world's population, they accounted for only one-quarter of the world gross national income.According to a paper published in 2005, Mexico and South Korea were the only other countries comparable to the BRICs, but their economies were excluded initially because they were considered already more developed, as they were already members of the OECD. The same creator of the term ""BRIC"" endorsed the term MINT, that includes Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey.Goldman Sachs did not argue that the BRICs would organize themselves into an economic bloc, or a formal trading association, as the European Union has done. However, there are some indications that the ""four BRIC countries have been seeking to form a 'political club' or 'alliance'"", and thereby converting ""their growing economic power into greater geopolitical clout"". On June 16, 2009, the leaders of the BRIC countries held their first summit in Yekaterinburg, and issued a declaration calling for the establishment of an equitable, democratic and multipolar world order. Since then they have met in Brasília in 2010, met in Sanya, on China's Hainan Island in 2011 and in New Delhi, India, in 2012.Some other developing countries that have not yet reached the N-11 economic level, such as South Africa, aspired to BRIC status.South Africa was subsequently successful in joining the bloc, despite the fact that economists at the Reuters 2011 Investment Outlook Summit dismissed the prospects of South African success. Jim O'Neill, for example, told the summit that South Africa, at a population of under 50 million people, was just too small an economy to join the BRIC ranks. However, after the BRIC countries formed a political organization among themselves, they later expanded to include South Africa, becoming the BRICS.Several of the more developed of the N-11 countries, in particular Turkey, Mexico, Indonesia and South Korea, were seen as the most likely contenders to the BRICs.In recent years, the BRICs have received increasing scholarly attention. Brazilian political economist Marcos Prado Troyjo and French investment banker Christian Déséglise founded the BRICLab at Columbia University, a Forum examining the strategic, political and economic consequences of the rise of BRIC countries, especially by analyzing their projects for power, prosperity and prestige through graduate courses, special sessions with guest speakers, Executive Education programs, and annual conferences for policymakers, business and academic leaders, and students.