regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by
... dephosphorylates it. The COOH-terminal domain of MBS interacts with GTPbound Rho (88). Rho-kinase phosphorylates both MLC (87) and MBS, the latter of which leads to inactivation of myosin phosphatase (88). Rho-kinase and MBS are therefore believed to regulate the level of MLC phosphorylation coopera ...
... dephosphorylates it. The COOH-terminal domain of MBS interacts with GTPbound Rho (88). Rho-kinase phosphorylates both MLC (87) and MBS, the latter of which leads to inactivation of myosin phosphatase (88). Rho-kinase and MBS are therefore believed to regulate the level of MLC phosphorylation coopera ...
Proper Folding and Endoplasmic Reticulum to Golgi
... advanced and metastatic lesions due to suppression of melanocyte-specific proteins. Down-regulation at the transcriptional level is likely to involve inactivation of microphthalmia, the transcription factor controlling pigment-specific genes such as tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin synthesis (1 ...
... advanced and metastatic lesions due to suppression of melanocyte-specific proteins. Down-regulation at the transcriptional level is likely to involve inactivation of microphthalmia, the transcription factor controlling pigment-specific genes such as tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin synthesis (1 ...
Correlating ribosome function with high
... Figure 1. The ribosome functional centers. (a) The two ribosomal subunits. Left: the small ribosomal subunit (T30S) [4]. The approximate positions of codon–anticodon interactions of A-, P- and E-tRNAs are shown and the main functional domains are indicated: H, head; L, latch; P, platform; S, shoulde ...
... Figure 1. The ribosome functional centers. (a) The two ribosomal subunits. Left: the small ribosomal subunit (T30S) [4]. The approximate positions of codon–anticodon interactions of A-, P- and E-tRNAs are shown and the main functional domains are indicated: H, head; L, latch; P, platform; S, shoulde ...
Mutational Analysis of Synaptobrevin Transmembrane Domain
... this we used the TOXCAT system, which was designed to discriminate between strongly and weakly associating transmembrane sequences incorporated in the E. coli inner membrane (19). TOXCAT relies on low-level constitutive expression of a chimeric DNA binding protein containing the transmembrane sequen ...
... this we used the TOXCAT system, which was designed to discriminate between strongly and weakly associating transmembrane sequences incorporated in the E. coli inner membrane (19). TOXCAT relies on low-level constitutive expression of a chimeric DNA binding protein containing the transmembrane sequen ...
Full Article - PDF - Journal of Biotech Research
... Folic acids are essential cofactors for synthesis of DNA, RNA, membrane lipids, methionine metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. P. falciparum is capable of synthesizing folate de novo or obtaining it through salvage, whereas humans can only obtain folate from their diet, making the folate path ...
... Folic acids are essential cofactors for synthesis of DNA, RNA, membrane lipids, methionine metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. P. falciparum is capable of synthesizing folate de novo or obtaining it through salvage, whereas humans can only obtain folate from their diet, making the folate path ...
LRRK2 and neuroinflammation: partners in crime
... Recent findings indicate elevated LRRK2 mRNA and protein expression in immune cells, particularly in microglia and astrocytes from human and rodent brain [30,75,76], and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, mainly in B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages [77,78]. Giesert et al. investigated po ...
... Recent findings indicate elevated LRRK2 mRNA and protein expression in immune cells, particularly in microglia and astrocytes from human and rodent brain [30,75,76], and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, mainly in B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages [77,78]. Giesert et al. investigated po ...
Hyphal homing, fusion and mycelial interconnectedness
... conserved in N. crassa (http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ annotation/fungi/neurospora/) [7] (Table 1). Mutations in potential orthologs of some of these genes in filamentous fungi result in mutants that are unable to undergo hyphal fusion or that fail to form heterokaryons, a process that requires hypha ...
... conserved in N. crassa (http://www-genome.wi.mit.edu/ annotation/fungi/neurospora/) [7] (Table 1). Mutations in potential orthologs of some of these genes in filamentous fungi result in mutants that are unable to undergo hyphal fusion or that fail to form heterokaryons, a process that requires hypha ...
DNA damage and decisions: CtIP coordinates DNA repair and cell
... digests 50 termini of DNA ends (see below) [10,16–18]. This model also explains why CtIP is required for Chk1 phosphorylation and checkpoint activation in response to DSBs, but not to stalled replication forks [11]. At stalled replication forks, the ssDNA structure that activates ATR is generated th ...
... digests 50 termini of DNA ends (see below) [10,16–18]. This model also explains why CtIP is required for Chk1 phosphorylation and checkpoint activation in response to DSBs, but not to stalled replication forks [11]. At stalled replication forks, the ssDNA structure that activates ATR is generated th ...
Cardosin A Molecular Determinants and Biosynthetic Pathways
... and it allowed to conclude that the protein’s expression did not retrieved any phenotype to the cells or individuals. However, experiments conducted in BY-2 cells revealed to be inconclusive since cardosin A expression in this system is not predictable. The data obtained along this work using severa ...
... and it allowed to conclude that the protein’s expression did not retrieved any phenotype to the cells or individuals. However, experiments conducted in BY-2 cells revealed to be inconclusive since cardosin A expression in this system is not predictable. The data obtained along this work using severa ...
The Shwachman-Diamond SBDS protein localizes to the nucleolus
... arising from a gene conversion event with this pseudogene.9 The SBDS gene is predicted to encode a novel 250–amino acid protein with no homology to other proteins of known function. The SBDS gene is highly conserved throughout evolution, and orthologues can be found in organisms ranging from plants, ...
... arising from a gene conversion event with this pseudogene.9 The SBDS gene is predicted to encode a novel 250–amino acid protein with no homology to other proteins of known function. The SBDS gene is highly conserved throughout evolution, and orthologues can be found in organisms ranging from plants, ...
Document
... of hibernating grizzly bears using high-throughput proteomics and RNA-Seq. The changes in protein expression indicate an effect on muscle metabolism, consistent with increased nonessential amino acid levels and a decrease in ATP production. Supplementing murine myotubes with non-essential amino acid ...
... of hibernating grizzly bears using high-throughput proteomics and RNA-Seq. The changes in protein expression indicate an effect on muscle metabolism, consistent with increased nonessential amino acid levels and a decrease in ATP production. Supplementing murine myotubes with non-essential amino acid ...
Dynamics of survival of motor neuron (SMN)
... deletion or mutation of the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The SMN protein plays an essential role in the assembly of spliceosomal ribonucleoproteins. However, it is still unclear how low levels of the ubiquitously expressed SMN protein lead to the selective degeneration of motor neurons. A ...
... deletion or mutation of the survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The SMN protein plays an essential role in the assembly of spliceosomal ribonucleoproteins. However, it is still unclear how low levels of the ubiquitously expressed SMN protein lead to the selective degeneration of motor neurons. A ...
Role of histone deacetylase 2 and its
... involved in the regulation of the amount, function, and localization of many proteins. For example, phosphorylation is a critical modification for enzymatic activation (5), binding to DNA (6), forming complexes (7), and subcellular localization (8). Polyubiquitination, a continued link of ubiquitin ...
... involved in the regulation of the amount, function, and localization of many proteins. For example, phosphorylation is a critical modification for enzymatic activation (5), binding to DNA (6), forming complexes (7), and subcellular localization (8). Polyubiquitination, a continued link of ubiquitin ...
Dynamic balance between vesicle transport and
... valuable insights into how complex biological processes can be modeled at various levels of description. Often these models abstract the details of the underlying mechanisms and consequently it is difficult to decipher how the balance between the various SCPs is achieved to enable whole cell respons ...
... valuable insights into how complex biological processes can be modeled at various levels of description. Often these models abstract the details of the underlying mechanisms and consequently it is difficult to decipher how the balance between the various SCPs is achieved to enable whole cell respons ...
A Comprehensive Mutational Analysis of the
... report a comprehensive mutational analysis in which more than 100 RPW8.2 mutants were functionally evaluated for their defense and trafficking properties. We show that three amino acid residues (i.e., threonine-64, valine-68, and aspartic acid-112) are critical for RPW8.2-mediated cell death and resi ...
... report a comprehensive mutational analysis in which more than 100 RPW8.2 mutants were functionally evaluated for their defense and trafficking properties. We show that three amino acid residues (i.e., threonine-64, valine-68, and aspartic acid-112) are critical for RPW8.2-mediated cell death and resi ...
Two Separate Functions Are Encoded by the Carboxyl
... genes of interest (e.g. CAP, CAP deletion mutants, and MCH1). The oligonucleotides used for gene amplification are listed in Table I. All GAL4-CAP fusions were created by subcloning the appropriate CAP fragment into the SalI and SacI sites of either pPC86 or pPC97. The GAL4-MCH1 fusions were created ...
... genes of interest (e.g. CAP, CAP deletion mutants, and MCH1). The oligonucleotides used for gene amplification are listed in Table I. All GAL4-CAP fusions were created by subcloning the appropriate CAP fragment into the SalI and SacI sites of either pPC86 or pPC97. The GAL4-MCH1 fusions were created ...
A Search for Single Substitutions That Eliminate Enzymatic Function
... One indicator of completeness is the proportion of identified inactivating substitutions for which only one example has been isolated. A very incomplete collection would be dominated by these unduplicated examples, whereas they would become rare as the collection approaches completeness. Our initial ...
... One indicator of completeness is the proportion of identified inactivating substitutions for which only one example has been isolated. A very incomplete collection would be dominated by these unduplicated examples, whereas they would become rare as the collection approaches completeness. Our initial ...
Dopamine Receptor Signaling
... mediated by PKA. A second potential cyclic AMP-independent mechanism for D1-like receptor signaling invokes a novel SCH23390-binding receptor that is linked to phospholipase C via Gq (40,41). The regional distribution and pharmacological profile of D1-like receptor-stimulated phospholipase C differ ...
... mediated by PKA. A second potential cyclic AMP-independent mechanism for D1-like receptor signaling invokes a novel SCH23390-binding receptor that is linked to phospholipase C via Gq (40,41). The regional distribution and pharmacological profile of D1-like receptor-stimulated phospholipase C differ ...
PDF
... numerous developmental programs and cellular processes (Logan and Nusse, 2004). In the nervous system of Drosophila, Wg signaling is involved in the formation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) (Packard et al., 2002; Miech et al., 2008). Being a glutamatergic synapse, the Drosophila NMJ provides a us ...
... numerous developmental programs and cellular processes (Logan and Nusse, 2004). In the nervous system of Drosophila, Wg signaling is involved in the formation of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) (Packard et al., 2002; Miech et al., 2008). Being a glutamatergic synapse, the Drosophila NMJ provides a us ...
Promiscuity of the Euonymus Carbohydrate-Binding Domain
... of lectins led to the hypothesis that lectin-mediated protein-glycoconjugate interactions are essential for some important cellular processes in Embryophyta [9–11]. It is hypothesized that EUL proteins can help the plant to cope with a lot of environmental stresses and improve the stress tolerance i ...
... of lectins led to the hypothesis that lectin-mediated protein-glycoconjugate interactions are essential for some important cellular processes in Embryophyta [9–11]. It is hypothesized that EUL proteins can help the plant to cope with a lot of environmental stresses and improve the stress tolerance i ...
RNA-binding proteins and RNA metabolism: a new scenario in the
... in different cell lines and in mammalian neurons, TDP-43 is mainly localized in perichromatin fibrils, nuclear sites of transcription and splicing, where it associates with actively transcribed genes (Ayala et al., 2008; Casafont et al., 2009). The regulation of transcriptional processes exerted by ...
... in different cell lines and in mammalian neurons, TDP-43 is mainly localized in perichromatin fibrils, nuclear sites of transcription and splicing, where it associates with actively transcribed genes (Ayala et al., 2008; Casafont et al., 2009). The regulation of transcriptional processes exerted by ...
Here - Events
... each cell division cycle, independent of their volume at birth. This process, similar to what was recently observed in bacteria (1) enables the progressive reduction of errors in volume segregation. In one other cell type, Raji cells, the homeostasis mechanism appears less efficient and the amount o ...
... each cell division cycle, independent of their volume at birth. This process, similar to what was recently observed in bacteria (1) enables the progressive reduction of errors in volume segregation. In one other cell type, Raji cells, the homeostasis mechanism appears less efficient and the amount o ...
Arpp19 and Cdc6, two major regulators of the meiotic division
... A. The endosulfine family Phosphorylation of endosulfines ...
... A. The endosulfine family Phosphorylation of endosulfines ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... DdPPK2-mediated synthesis of poly P. This particular actin-related protein complex can polymerize into an actin-like filament concurrent with its synthesis of a poly P chain in a fully reversible reaction (GomezGarcia & Kornberg 2004). The presence of a DdPPK2-like activity in C. reinhardtii was als ...
... DdPPK2-mediated synthesis of poly P. This particular actin-related protein complex can polymerize into an actin-like filament concurrent with its synthesis of a poly P chain in a fully reversible reaction (GomezGarcia & Kornberg 2004). The presence of a DdPPK2-like activity in C. reinhardtii was als ...
The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy
... Jackman, Robert W., and Susan C. Kandarian. The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287: C834 –C843, 2004; 10.1152/ajpcell.00579.2003.—Skeletal muscle atrophy attributable to muscular inactivity has significant adverse functional consequences. While the initiating p ...
... Jackman, Robert W., and Susan C. Kandarian. The molecular basis of skeletal muscle atrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 287: C834 –C843, 2004; 10.1152/ajpcell.00579.2003.—Skeletal muscle atrophy attributable to muscular inactivity has significant adverse functional consequences. While the initiating p ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.