The Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Truth about Morality
... hearts of those who knew him with his kindness. I came to Princeton hoping to work with David, even though he is known primarily for his work in metaphysics, and my primary interest has been in ethics. It was a good match while it lasted, although, as any Lewis student will attest, it was rarely eas ...
... hearts of those who knew him with his kindness. I came to Princeton hoping to work with David, even though he is known primarily for his work in metaphysics, and my primary interest has been in ethics. It was a good match while it lasted, although, as any Lewis student will attest, it was rarely eas ...
Moral Beauty as An Overriding Imperative in
... people dependent on the proper execution of those roles. A good example would be a student of art who would like to pursue this interest but is forced not to by external factors such as responsibilities (parental, national or religious) where doing so might be seen as an act of betrayal, selfishness ...
... people dependent on the proper execution of those roles. A good example would be a student of art who would like to pursue this interest but is forced not to by external factors such as responsibilities (parental, national or religious) where doing so might be seen as an act of betrayal, selfishness ...
Enhancing Moral Conformity and Enhancing Moral Worth
... that they can aggregate with devastating effect. Arguably, our failures of moral conformity are, taken together, a driving force behind climate change and global ...
... that they can aggregate with devastating effect. Arguably, our failures of moral conformity are, taken together, a driving force behind climate change and global ...
The Teaching of Happiness in Mainland China: in Light of Aristotle
... voluntariness is an important concept in many ethicists’ theories, such as Aristotle. Aristotle advocates habituation or character training seemingly similar to the Chinese government, but he also emphasizes the importance of voluntariness in a virtuous action. Without a sufficient exploration on ha ...
... voluntariness is an important concept in many ethicists’ theories, such as Aristotle. Aristotle advocates habituation or character training seemingly similar to the Chinese government, but he also emphasizes the importance of voluntariness in a virtuous action. Without a sufficient exploration on ha ...
Moral Rationalism and Rational Amoralism
... relative to distinct features of the agent’s history, psychology, and epistemic or practical situation. When fully worked out, this package helps us to explain how rational people can have the wrong moral views. A second set of ideas interacts with those just described to handle a different sort of ...
... relative to distinct features of the agent’s history, psychology, and epistemic or practical situation. When fully worked out, this package helps us to explain how rational people can have the wrong moral views. A second set of ideas interacts with those just described to handle a different sort of ...
Thesis edit2 - University of Tilburg
... Not everything that guides one’s behavior beyond the requirements of the law needs to be of moral nature. An employee at a big accountancy agency in the U.S. is not legally obliged to wear a suit to work, yet arriving one morning in pajamas will definitely render some disturbed looks. Recurrent occu ...
... Not everything that guides one’s behavior beyond the requirements of the law needs to be of moral nature. An employee at a big accountancy agency in the U.S. is not legally obliged to wear a suit to work, yet arriving one morning in pajamas will definitely render some disturbed looks. Recurrent occu ...
Kant`s Puzzling Ethics of Maxims
... instance, fiddling about with the formulation of maxims turns out to be merely verbal. We simply cannot make our maxims fit the categorical imperative in this way. We act on the maxim that incorporates an objective suggested by an incentive, not on the maxim on which we fancy ourselves to be acting2 ...
... instance, fiddling about with the formulation of maxims turns out to be merely verbal. We simply cannot make our maxims fit the categorical imperative in this way. We act on the maxim that incorporates an objective suggested by an incentive, not on the maxim on which we fancy ourselves to be acting2 ...
Chapter 2
... Case Against Ethical Egoism • An easy moral philosophy may not be the best moral philosophy • We know a lot about what is good for someone else • Self-interest can lead to blatantly immoral behavior • Other moral principles are superior to principle of selfinterest • People who take the good of oth ...
... Case Against Ethical Egoism • An easy moral philosophy may not be the best moral philosophy • We know a lot about what is good for someone else • Self-interest can lead to blatantly immoral behavior • Other moral principles are superior to principle of selfinterest • People who take the good of oth ...
1 Are Empathy and Morality Linked? Insights from Moral Psychology
... actions ought to be as good as possible (Scheffler, 1988; Singer, 1974). Consequentialist theories are further distinguished in act consequentialism and rule consequentialism. According to the former, the outcome of individual actions ought to be as good as possible. On the other hand, given that th ...
... actions ought to be as good as possible (Scheffler, 1988; Singer, 1974). Consequentialist theories are further distinguished in act consequentialism and rule consequentialism. According to the former, the outcome of individual actions ought to be as good as possible. On the other hand, given that th ...
Is There Moral High Ground?
... we must relativize truth. The only other option is to accept both ours and the Taliban’s claims and conclude that there are true moral contradictions: it is both true and not true that it is good to educate women. Pace dialethism, we should assume that true moral contradictions are untenable. We may ...
... we must relativize truth. The only other option is to accept both ours and the Taliban’s claims and conclude that there are true moral contradictions: it is both true and not true that it is good to educate women. Pace dialethism, we should assume that true moral contradictions are untenable. We may ...
On Three Defenses of Sentimentalism
... action), and so on. Hume employs both the terms ‘moral sense’ and ‘moral sentiment.’ They are almost synonymous in his theory. They spring from sympathy with a receiver’s feelings toward an action itself and its effects. Elsewhere, analyzing their theories from other perspectives, I show that the mo ...
... action), and so on. Hume employs both the terms ‘moral sense’ and ‘moral sentiment.’ They are almost synonymous in his theory. They spring from sympathy with a receiver’s feelings toward an action itself and its effects. Elsewhere, analyzing their theories from other perspectives, I show that the mo ...
A Plea for Moral Deference
... any case, that is my ground for classifying the objection as a mistake. I need not insist on this point, however, because the objection is also confused; and its confusion alone is adequate for my purposes. To see this, let us stipulate that every normal adult human being is equally capable (in prin ...
... any case, that is my ground for classifying the objection as a mistake. I need not insist on this point, however, because the objection is also confused; and its confusion alone is adequate for my purposes. To see this, let us stipulate that every normal adult human being is equally capable (in prin ...
Outline of Virtue Ethics encyclopedia article
... clear examples—and so we can’t define virtue ethics as standing opposed to egoism any more than we can require it to be eudaimonistic. In addition, not all forms of virtue ethics are rationalistic, i. e., committed to treating reason or rationality as the basis for ethical thought and action. The vi ...
... clear examples—and so we can’t define virtue ethics as standing opposed to egoism any more than we can require it to be eudaimonistic. In addition, not all forms of virtue ethics are rationalistic, i. e., committed to treating reason or rationality as the basis for ethical thought and action. The vi ...
Dieter Birnbacher - Kultura i Wartości
... norms? What makes moral values different from political, aesthetic or personal values? At first sight, these questions seem to have an easy answer. On a closer look, however, difficulties abound. The concept of morality seems to defy a definition by necessary and sufficient conditions. By approachin ...
... norms? What makes moral values different from political, aesthetic or personal values? At first sight, these questions seem to have an easy answer. On a closer look, however, difficulties abound. The concept of morality seems to defy a definition by necessary and sufficient conditions. By approachin ...
Introduction to Moral Reasoning in Sport
... Moral Value Versus Nonmoral Value Relative worth placed on an extrinsic objective value in relation to the worth placed on a universal value manifested through motives, intentions, and actions that impinge on and or affect other individuals ...
... Moral Value Versus Nonmoral Value Relative worth placed on an extrinsic objective value in relation to the worth placed on a universal value manifested through motives, intentions, and actions that impinge on and or affect other individuals ...
Kantian Ethics
... Sovereignty of Reason By basing morality on reason we can guarantee that it is objective and its authority or sovereignty To deny 2+2=4 is just as irrational for Kant as lying. Rationalism even extends into our value judgements ...
... Sovereignty of Reason By basing morality on reason we can guarantee that it is objective and its authority or sovereignty To deny 2+2=4 is just as irrational for Kant as lying. Rationalism even extends into our value judgements ...
Rightness and Responsibility
... While allowing for these possibilities, however, the motivation condition, as I have formulated it, still gives expression to the idea that there is a noncontingent connection between morality and motivation. At its heart is the thesis that rightness and other moral considerations represent reasons ...
... While allowing for these possibilities, however, the motivation condition, as I have formulated it, still gives expression to the idea that there is a noncontingent connection between morality and motivation. At its heart is the thesis that rightness and other moral considerations represent reasons ...
HittIV - Michigan State University
... fairness. Thus, it is no longer an issue of “my views versus your views,” Rather, it is simply a matter of calculating the utilities and then making a decision accordingly. These ten principles constitute the core of the ethical doctrine known as utilitarianism — or what we are calling end-result e ...
... fairness. Thus, it is no longer an issue of “my views versus your views,” Rather, it is simply a matter of calculating the utilities and then making a decision accordingly. These ten principles constitute the core of the ethical doctrine known as utilitarianism — or what we are calling end-result e ...
"Nihilism" encyclopedia entry - Victoria University of Wellington
... forlorn, because neither within him nor without does he find anything to cling to” (1945/1973). In fact, these “…then-everything-is-permissible” claims tend to be confused. Certainly the error theorist has no business claiming that “everything is permissible.” If moral nihilism is true, then nothing ...
... forlorn, because neither within him nor without does he find anything to cling to” (1945/1973). In fact, these “…then-everything-is-permissible” claims tend to be confused. Certainly the error theorist has no business claiming that “everything is permissible.” If moral nihilism is true, then nothing ...
The Moral Point of View in Hume, Kant and Mill Margaret Marie
... situation of nearness or remoteness, with regard to the person blam’d or prais’d, and according to the present disposition of our mind. But these variations we regard not, in our general decisions, but still apply the terms expressive of our liking or dislike, in the same manner, as if we remain’d i ...
... situation of nearness or remoteness, with regard to the person blam’d or prais’d, and according to the present disposition of our mind. But these variations we regard not, in our general decisions, but still apply the terms expressive of our liking or dislike, in the same manner, as if we remain’d i ...
Chapter 2
... • All consequences must be measured on a single scale. – All units must be the same in order to do the sum – In certain circumstances utilitarians must quantify the value of a human life ...
... • All consequences must be measured on a single scale. – All units must be the same in order to do the sum – In certain circumstances utilitarians must quantify the value of a human life ...
Consequentialism and our special relationship to self
... that ground these relationships are also agent-relative, reasons that apply only to those that stand in these relationships. The agent-relativity is of course what renders these obligations ‘special.’ Our special relationship to our selves grounds options instead of obligations because, though this ...
... that ground these relationships are also agent-relative, reasons that apply only to those that stand in these relationships. The agent-relativity is of course what renders these obligations ‘special.’ Our special relationship to our selves grounds options instead of obligations because, though this ...
Slide 4- 2 - Computer and Information Science
... If Bill and customer have equal rights to information, Bill did nothing wrong to sell information. If customers have right to expect name and address or transaction to be confidential without giving permission, then Bill was wrong to sell information without asking for permission. ...
... If Bill and customer have equal rights to information, Bill did nothing wrong to sell information. If customers have right to expect name and address or transaction to be confidential without giving permission, then Bill was wrong to sell information without asking for permission. ...
sample chapter
... When narrowly defined according to its original use, ethics is a branch of philosophy used to study ideal human behavior and ideal ways of being. The approaches to ethics and the meanings of related concepts have varied over time among philosophers and ethicists. For example, Aristotle believed idea ...
... When narrowly defined according to its original use, ethics is a branch of philosophy used to study ideal human behavior and ideal ways of being. The approaches to ethics and the meanings of related concepts have varied over time among philosophers and ethicists. For example, Aristotle believed idea ...
Introduction to Ethics Chapter 2
... • All consequences must be measured on a single scale. – All units must be the same in order to do the sum – In certain circumstances utilitarians must quantify the value of a human life ...
... • All consequences must be measured on a single scale. – All units must be the same in order to do the sum – In certain circumstances utilitarians must quantify the value of a human life ...
Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Classically, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action. John Stuart Mill expanded this concept of utility to include not only the quantity, but quality of pleasure, while focusing on rules, rather than individual moral actions. Others have rejected that pleasure has positive value and have advocated negative utilitarianism, which defines utility only in terms of suffering. In contrast to this hedonistic view, some define utility with relation to preference satisfaction whereas others believe that a range of values can be included in its definition.Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, which states that the consequences of any action are the only standard of right and wrong. This view can be contrasted or combined with virtue ethics which holds virtue as a moral good. Some believe that one's intentions are also ethically important. Utilitarianism is distinctly different from other forms of consequentialism such as egoism as it considers all interests equally. Proponents of utilitarianism have been split about whether individual acts should conform to utility (act utilitarianism) or whether agents should conform to ethical rules (rule utilitarianism). Utilitarians additionally remain split about whether utility should be calculated as an aggregate (total utilitarianism) or an average (average utilitarianism).Historically, hedonism can be traced back to Aristippus and Epicurus who viewed happiness as the only good. Bentham is, however, credited with founding utilitarianism when he wrote An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Since Bentham, prominent utilitarians have included John Stuart Mill, Henry Sidgwick, R.M. Hare and Peter Singer. The philosophy has been applied to modern issues including the suffering of non-human animals. Specifically, utilitarianism has been applied to the ethics of raising animals for food and the ethics of wild animal suffering. Effective altruism is a philosophy aimed at improving the world through evidence based means, which has been supported on utilitarian grounds.Opponents of utilitarianism have criticized it for many reasons. Some have said that utilitarianism ignores justice while others contend that utilitarianism is impractical. Specific criticisms have included the mere addition paradox and the utility monster. Others have said that pleasure is not commensurable across people with varying identities and thus the idea of aggregating utility is impossible.