Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promoting neurons may be modulated to generate their differential activity and sleep-wake cycle. Using a paradigm of sleep deprivation and sleep recovery and examining c-Fos e ...
... these different functions have remained uncertain. Furthermore, few studies have been done to clarify how the wake vs. sleep promoting neurons may be modulated to generate their differential activity and sleep-wake cycle. Using a paradigm of sleep deprivation and sleep recovery and examining c-Fos e ...
Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy
... wakefulness. Patients with narcolepsy suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (a sudden weakening of posture muscle tone usually triggered by emotion), and an alteration in the amount of and entry into REM sleep (Mignot, 1998). Nocturnal sleep is also frequently disturbed by insomnia, sl ...
... wakefulness. Patients with narcolepsy suffer from excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (a sudden weakening of posture muscle tone usually triggered by emotion), and an alteration in the amount of and entry into REM sleep (Mignot, 1998). Nocturnal sleep is also frequently disturbed by insomnia, sl ...
Reverse pharmacology of orexin
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
... these cells during wakefulness. Orexin neurons might activate another type of cholinergic neurons in the PPT and LDT, which are active in wakefulness as well as the REM-sleep period. Recent work also shows that orexin inhibits cholinergic neurons in the PPT via activation of GABAergic local interneu ...
Behavioral Response and Transmitter Release During Atonia
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
... inhibition with no change in ipsilateral muscle tone. In contrast to their responses in waking, when stimulation with the same parameters was applied during SWS, bilateral inhibition without after-facilitation occurred in all cases (Fig. 4). There was a significant interaction between stimulation in ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
... During 6-hours of sleep deprivation, the histamine release was constantly upregulated and comparable to its level during wakefulness, whereas when the sleep deprivation ceased, the release of histamine immediately dropped to the baseline level. Constant administration of histamine into the basal for ...
Selective Loss of Catecholaminergic Wake–Active Neurons in a
... sleep–wake times. On recording day 6, a baseline murine multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) was performed (four nap opportunities between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M.) to measure wakefulness after sleep (Veasey et al., 2004c). The following day, enforced wakefulness by gentle handling (air puffs or introductio ...
... sleep–wake times. On recording day 6, a baseline murine multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) was performed (four nap opportunities between 2:00 and 4:00 P.M.) to measure wakefulness after sleep (Veasey et al., 2004c). The following day, enforced wakefulness by gentle handling (air puffs or introductio ...
Dopaminergic Transmission and Wake
... and amphetamines it does not have a strong abuse potential and a pronounced sleep rebound is not observed following its use. The dramatic effects of drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine-like compounds and modafinil on mood and arousal have been used and abused by many different societies around the wor ...
... and amphetamines it does not have a strong abuse potential and a pronounced sleep rebound is not observed following its use. The dramatic effects of drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine-like compounds and modafinil on mood and arousal have been used and abused by many different societies around the wor ...
C-fos Expression in the Pons and Medulla of the Cat during
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
... Tables I, 2). Because the activity in a number of pontomedullary structures is known to be correlated during active sleep, a multivariate method for comparing mean profiles between groups, such as a multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) test, is necessary. However, a MANOVA comparison of mean profiles require ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... paid to ”waxing and waning ” wave of frequency around 13 Hz. The first commonly accepted definition of that structure — sleep spindle — was given by Rechtschaffen and Kales (1968) [65]: “The presence of a sleep spindle should not be defined unless it is of at least 0.5sec duration, i.e., one should ...
... paid to ”waxing and waning ” wave of frequency around 13 Hz. The first commonly accepted definition of that structure — sleep spindle — was given by Rechtschaffen and Kales (1968) [65]: “The presence of a sleep spindle should not be defined unless it is of at least 0.5sec duration, i.e., one should ...
Alertness and feeding behaviors in ADHD: Does the hypocretin
... Summary Increasing evidence has suggested that patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, includ ...
... Summary Increasing evidence has suggested that patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may present with a deficit of alertness and sleep disturbances. Recent studies have also pointed out a previously underestimated association between ADHD and abnormal eating behaviors, includ ...
The Fine Structure of Slow-Wave Sleep Oscillations: from Single
... Although it is clear that spindles are generated in the thalamus, several hypotheses for the genesis of oscillations by thalamic circuits have been proposed and tested by models (reviewed in Destexhe and Sejnowski 2001, 2003). These involve reciprocal synaptic interactions between TC neurons and loc ...
... Although it is clear that spindles are generated in the thalamus, several hypotheses for the genesis of oscillations by thalamic circuits have been proposed and tested by models (reviewed in Destexhe and Sejnowski 2001, 2003). These involve reciprocal synaptic interactions between TC neurons and loc ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, unlike mammalian REM sleep, there is no rebound increase in the REM sleep-like state in birds following its depr ...
... seconds) and the total percentage of time spent in such a state is less as compared to mammalian REM sleep (about 5% of the total sleep time as compared to 15-30 % in mammals)19. Further, unlike mammalian REM sleep, there is no rebound increase in the REM sleep-like state in birds following its depr ...
Serotonergic Integration of Circadian Clock and Ultradian Sleep
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
... quantify rhythmicity during transient processes and indifferent to MUA absolute values, and it produces limited values ranging from ⫺1 to 1 (Silver and Stryker, 1999). One represents the highest contrast, and 0 represents no contrast. The indices were calculated using MUA values from the day before ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
... of long-range cortical pathways (one might think of Autoban or Interstate Highways as a simile), especially connecting frontal and parietal lobe, involved in conscious processing and working memory of contents of sensory experience sustained by brain states whose neuroactivity is being processed in ...
Ventilatory disorders - Chirurgia toracica mini invasiva
... These neurons are part of a central pattern generator network that controls the periodic activity of bulbar and spinal motor neurons innervating the respiratory muscles. The generation and maintenance of normal respiratory rhythm and ventilation requires a tonic “drive,” which in turn maintains resp ...
... These neurons are part of a central pattern generator network that controls the periodic activity of bulbar and spinal motor neurons innervating the respiratory muscles. The generation and maintenance of normal respiratory rhythm and ventilation requires a tonic “drive,” which in turn maintains resp ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
... synchronized bursting in thalamocortical circuits, transient increases of intra-cellular calcium and, in some mammals, the release of somatotropins [13,55,56]. A role for non-REM sleep in developmental cortical plasticity is suggested by maturational changes in non-REM sleep that coincide with perio ...
Csercsa Richárd
... In humans the two main types of sleep are Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and NonRapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. NREM can be further divided into three or four stages which go from light to deep sleep. During the night, these stages follow each other in a more or less determined manner, which can be descr ...
... In humans the two main types of sleep are Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and NonRapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep. NREM can be further divided into three or four stages which go from light to deep sleep. During the night, these stages follow each other in a more or less determined manner, which can be descr ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
... However, to a surprising extent this is not the case. As I review later, REM sleep reappears within hours after some of these lesions. When both parts of the brain remain, signs usually appear on only one side of the cut. This kind of positive evidence is much more easily interpreted than loss of fu ...
Institutionen för medicinsk teknik - IMT Master's Program Biomedical Engineering
... tasks, like daydreaming or retrieving memories (3). It has been shown in previous studies that the DMN changes connectivity (the network configuration in terms of interconnected areas) during the different sleep stages (4) and the connectivity is thought to be different also between normal and patho ...
... tasks, like daydreaming or retrieving memories (3). It has been shown in previous studies that the DMN changes connectivity (the network configuration in terms of interconnected areas) during the different sleep stages (4) and the connectivity is thought to be different also between normal and patho ...
BOX 34.3 DISEASES AND AGING IMPAIR THE AUTONOMIC
... The importance of the autonomic nervous system to health often goes unnoticed. When ANS functions operate normally, they typically occur automatically, without the individual being aware of any adjustments. Nevertheless, loss of an autonomic response can be disruptive, and autonomic disorders can be ...
... The importance of the autonomic nervous system to health often goes unnoticed. When ANS functions operate normally, they typically occur automatically, without the individual being aware of any adjustments. Nevertheless, loss of an autonomic response can be disruptive, and autonomic disorders can be ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... cLDT-SLD, and GABAergic neurons in the cLDTSLD express cFos following enhanced REM sleep, we proposed that these two neuronal populations inhibit each other, and that this mutual inhibition produces state transitions into and out of REM sleep. These observations formed the basis for a flip-flop mode ...
... cLDT-SLD, and GABAergic neurons in the cLDTSLD express cFos following enhanced REM sleep, we proposed that these two neuronal populations inhibit each other, and that this mutual inhibition produces state transitions into and out of REM sleep. These observations formed the basis for a flip-flop mode ...
basic mechanisms of sleep
... and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specific physiologic signs of REM. For example, 5HT has been shown to counteract the REM-like carbacholinduced atonia of hypoglossal motor neurons (44). Microinjection of the 5-HT agonis ...
... and to reduce REM sleep percentage in vivo (43). Experimentally administered 5-HT has also been shown to suppress specific physiologic signs of REM. For example, 5HT has been shown to counteract the REM-like carbacholinduced atonia of hypoglossal motor neurons (44). Microinjection of the 5-HT agonis ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
... When we are awake and alert, most of the neurons in our brain – especially those in our forebrain – are active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we hav ...
Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... pharmacological treatment and implanted with electrodes for potential surgical treatment (18 patients, 129 regions recorded and hundreds of units, see Methods). The dataset includes brain recordings at different scales (scalp EEG, depth EEG, LFP and single-unit recordings), which gives us the possib ...
... pharmacological treatment and implanted with electrodes for potential surgical treatment (18 patients, 129 regions recorded and hundreds of units, see Methods). The dataset includes brain recordings at different scales (scalp EEG, depth EEG, LFP and single-unit recordings), which gives us the possib ...
Sleep medicine
Sleep medicine is a medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders. From the middle of the 20th century, research has provided increasing knowledge and answered many questions about sleep-wake functioning. The rapidly evolving field has become a recognized medical subspecialty in some countries. Dental sleep medicine also qualifies for board certification in some countries. Properly organized, minimum 12-month, postgraduate training programs are still being defined in the United States. In some countries, the sleep researchers and the physicians who treat patients may be the same people.The first sleep clinics in the United States were established in the 1970s by interested physicians and technicians; the study, diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea were their first tasks. As late as 1999, virtually any American physician, with no specific training in sleep medicine, could open a sleep laboratory.Disorders and disturbances of sleep are widespread and can have significant consequences for affected individuals as well as economic and other consequences for society. The US National Transportation Safety Board has, according to Dr. Charles Czeisler, member of the Institute of Medicine and Director of the Harvard University Medical School Division of Sleep Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital, discovered that the leading cause (31%) of fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes is fatigue-related with drugs and alcohol as the number two cause (29%). Sleep deprivation has also been a significant factor in dramatic accidents, such as the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the nuclear incidents at Chernobyl and Three Mile Island and the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger.