Official PDF , 46 pages
... representing numerical magnitude. Specifically, they show that the animals’ numerical magnitude representations are approximate, rather than exact. The distinction between exact and approximate representations of numerical magnitude refers to the difference between having a precise (i.e. there are e ...
... representing numerical magnitude. Specifically, they show that the animals’ numerical magnitude representations are approximate, rather than exact. The distinction between exact and approximate representations of numerical magnitude refers to the difference between having a precise (i.e. there are e ...
Mismatch Negativity: Different Water in the Same River
... change occurs for the standard stimuli as well and is associated with an N1 response. The second change is the change in some feature of the deviant stimulus from a preceding stimulus. This change occurs by itself if the stimulus is continuously on and just momentarily changes. For example, a contin ...
... change occurs for the standard stimuli as well and is associated with an N1 response. The second change is the change in some feature of the deviant stimulus from a preceding stimulus. This change occurs by itself if the stimulus is continuously on and just momentarily changes. For example, a contin ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... The Annual Review of Neuroscience is online at neuro.annualreviews.org ...
... The Annual Review of Neuroscience is online at neuro.annualreviews.org ...
Neural Correlates of Knowledge: Stable Representation of Stimulus
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
... the subject must identify the stimulus that has been paired with the cue (e.g., an umbrella). To perform correctly the subject must access their knowledge of the stimulus pairing at some time between when the cue is presented and the choice is made. Using the PA task, previous studies have shown tha ...
Specialized Elements of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Primates
... which vary among areas and give each area its unique architectonic signature. Architectonic differences can be seen in Nissl-stained sections, which show all neurons, or in tissue stained for markers that label distinct groups of pyramidal neurons or inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Ref. 3). The finge ...
... which vary among areas and give each area its unique architectonic signature. Architectonic differences can be seen in Nissl-stained sections, which show all neurons, or in tissue stained for markers that label distinct groups of pyramidal neurons or inhibitory interneurons (e.g., Ref. 3). The finge ...
Effect of Spatial Attention on the Responses of Area MT Neurons
... relatively early stages of the visual system, allowing for more efficient use of limited capacities at all subsequent stages (Broadbent 1958, 1982). The ‘‘late selection’’ models, on the other hand, assert that top-down mechanisms filter out irrelevant information only at late processing stages, pot ...
... relatively early stages of the visual system, allowing for more efficient use of limited capacities at all subsequent stages (Broadbent 1958, 1982). The ‘‘late selection’’ models, on the other hand, assert that top-down mechanisms filter out irrelevant information only at late processing stages, pot ...
Interplay between Syntax and Semantics during Sentence
... can continue for another 500 msec. This is referred to here as the P600/SPS effect. The frontal negativities are observed to morphosyntactic violations (Münte & Heinze, 1994; Münte, Heinze, & Mangun, 1993) and to violations of word category (Friederici, Hahne, & Mecklinger, 1996). The latter viola ...
... can continue for another 500 msec. This is referred to here as the P600/SPS effect. The frontal negativities are observed to morphosyntactic violations (Münte & Heinze, 1994; Münte, Heinze, & Mangun, 1993) and to violations of word category (Friederici, Hahne, & Mecklinger, 1996). The latter viola ...
The role of cognitive inhibition in di erent components of arithmetic.
... (2011), and Navarro et al. (2011) used a number-size stroop task in which participants are required to select the numerically highest digit whilst ignoring the size of the digits on the screen (e.g. 3 vs. 5). Bull and Scerif (2001) and Wang et al. (2012) have also made use of a number–quantity stroo ...
... (2011), and Navarro et al. (2011) used a number-size stroop task in which participants are required to select the numerically highest digit whilst ignoring the size of the digits on the screen (e.g. 3 vs. 5). Bull and Scerif (2001) and Wang et al. (2012) have also made use of a number–quantity stroo ...
The Problem State: A Cognitive Bottleneck in
... active at a time, only a single procedural processor is available; thus, although multiple threads are active in parallel, only one thread can use the procedural processor at a time (compare this to multiple programs running on a single CPU on a computer: While the CPU can only process one instructi ...
... active at a time, only a single procedural processor is available; thus, although multiple threads are active in parallel, only one thread can use the procedural processor at a time (compare this to multiple programs running on a single CPU on a computer: While the CPU can only process one instructi ...
Words in the brain`s language
... Abstract: If the cortex is an associative memory, strongly connected cell assemblies will form when neurons in different cortical areas are frequently active at the same time. The cortical distributions of these assemblies must be a consequence of where in the cortex correlated neuronal activity occ ...
... Abstract: If the cortex is an associative memory, strongly connected cell assemblies will form when neurons in different cortical areas are frequently active at the same time. The cortical distributions of these assemblies must be a consequence of where in the cortex correlated neuronal activity occ ...
Magnocellular and Parvocellular Contributions to
... processing also suggest that appreciable intermixing may occur (see Van Essen, 1985; DeYoe and Van Essen, 1988). In sum, the available evidence is sufficiently inconclusive that it would be consistent either with the P and M channels being the primary determinants of the differences between the temp ...
... processing also suggest that appreciable intermixing may occur (see Van Essen, 1985; DeYoe and Van Essen, 1988). In sum, the available evidence is sufficiently inconclusive that it would be consistent either with the P and M channels being the primary determinants of the differences between the temp ...
Experience-Dependent Sharpening of Visual Shape Selectivity in
... were smoothly morphed, that is, without sudden appearance or disappearance of any feature. They were 4.2 in diameter and had identical color, shading, and scale. Monkeys were trained (over the course of several months) to indicate (by releasing a lever) whether 2 successively presented stimuli (‘‘s ...
... were smoothly morphed, that is, without sudden appearance or disappearance of any feature. They were 4.2 in diameter and had identical color, shading, and scale. Monkeys were trained (over the course of several months) to indicate (by releasing a lever) whether 2 successively presented stimuli (‘‘s ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... highly flexible nature of the error-processing system associated with the ERN is consistent with what would be expected of an executive control system concerned with response monitoring. The frontal– central scalp distribution of the ERN and its putative generation within the anterior cingulate cort ...
... highly flexible nature of the error-processing system associated with the ERN is consistent with what would be expected of an executive control system concerned with response monitoring. The frontal– central scalp distribution of the ERN and its putative generation within the anterior cingulate cort ...
Saccade performance in the nasal and temporal
... of the right eye and the lateral rectus of the left eye. It is assumed that the OPNs synchronize the activity of the IBNs and EBNs before the saccade starts and it is important for the velocity of the of the saccade that the lateral and medial rectus of the left and right eyes, respectively, are in ...
... of the right eye and the lateral rectus of the left eye. It is assumed that the OPNs synchronize the activity of the IBNs and EBNs before the saccade starts and it is important for the velocity of the of the saccade that the lateral and medial rectus of the left and right eyes, respectively, are in ...
The effect of musical training on verbal and tonal working memory
... Roelofs, 2004) have argued for such restricted interaction among semantic and phonological processes in verbal production tasks. To date, researchers have yet to agree on the degree of interactivity among cognitive subprocesses involved in reading Despite differences in the way that lexical and subl ...
... Roelofs, 2004) have argued for such restricted interaction among semantic and phonological processes in verbal production tasks. To date, researchers have yet to agree on the degree of interactivity among cognitive subprocesses involved in reading Despite differences in the way that lexical and subl ...
Anxiety, Negative Affect and Avoidance Motivation
... Axis I disorder, e.g., the anxiety is not about having a Panic Attack (as in Panic Disorder), being embarrassed in public (as in Social Phobia), being contaminated (as in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder), being away from home or close relatives (as in Separation Anxiety Disorder), gaining weight (as i ...
... Axis I disorder, e.g., the anxiety is not about having a Panic Attack (as in Panic Disorder), being embarrassed in public (as in Social Phobia), being contaminated (as in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder), being away from home or close relatives (as in Separation Anxiety Disorder), gaining weight (as i ...
Backward Associative Strength and Illusory Recollection: Extension
... Likewise, when the visual source was attributed to falsely-recognized critical theme words, the pattern was the same: when high-BAS items were presented visually, falselyrecognized critical theme words had a .31 probability of being attributed to that source. When low-BAS items were presented visual ...
... Likewise, when the visual source was attributed to falsely-recognized critical theme words, the pattern was the same: when high-BAS items were presented visually, falselyrecognized critical theme words had a .31 probability of being attributed to that source. When low-BAS items were presented visual ...
Feature integration across perception and action: event files affect
... experiments was to search for independent, but hopefully converging, evidence for the existence of event files, i.e., bindings between stimulus and response features. Instead of RTs, the measure of interest in the Hommel (1998) study, the present study focused on the likelihood to choose particular r ...
... experiments was to search for independent, but hopefully converging, evidence for the existence of event files, i.e., bindings between stimulus and response features. Instead of RTs, the measure of interest in the Hommel (1998) study, the present study focused on the likelihood to choose particular r ...
Spelling-stress regularity effects are intact in developmental dyslexia
... If we presume – as these models suggest – that people with dyslexia are less able to acquire spelling-sound mappings (Snowling, 2000) and therefore make greater use of lexical information to support their reading (Castles & Coltheart, 1993), it follows that their naming and lexical decision performa ...
... If we presume – as these models suggest – that people with dyslexia are less able to acquire spelling-sound mappings (Snowling, 2000) and therefore make greater use of lexical information to support their reading (Castles & Coltheart, 1993), it follows that their naming and lexical decision performa ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... Northridge, CA). The maximum intensity of the stimuli was 84 dB SPL (sound pressure level) at the headphones and the scanning sounds were confined within the inter-stimulus interval by using a clustered volume acquisition sequence. A similar sound delivery system was used in our previous imaging stu ...
... Northridge, CA). The maximum intensity of the stimuli was 84 dB SPL (sound pressure level) at the headphones and the scanning sounds were confined within the inter-stimulus interval by using a clustered volume acquisition sequence. A similar sound delivery system was used in our previous imaging stu ...
ATTENTIONAL MODULATION OF VISUAL PROCESSING John H
... of luminance contrast, two of which (5%, bottom panel, and 10%, middle panel) were too faint to elicit a response. That is, they were both below the neuron’s contrast-response threshold. The third contrast (80%, top panel) was above the level of contrast at which the neuronal response saturated. The ...
... of luminance contrast, two of which (5%, bottom panel, and 10%, middle panel) were too faint to elicit a response. That is, they were both below the neuron’s contrast-response threshold. The third contrast (80%, top panel) was above the level of contrast at which the neuronal response saturated. The ...
Differential amygdala activation during emotional decision and
... Lesion and functional neuroimaging findings have illuminated the importance of the amygdala in facilitating the acquisition of emotional memories (reviewed by Phelps and Anderson [72]). Adolphs et al. [2], Babinsky et al. [16], Cahill et al. [31] and Markowitsch et al. [64] have all reported selecti ...
... Lesion and functional neuroimaging findings have illuminated the importance of the amygdala in facilitating the acquisition of emotional memories (reviewed by Phelps and Anderson [72]). Adolphs et al. [2], Babinsky et al. [16], Cahill et al. [31] and Markowitsch et al. [64] have all reported selecti ...
Final Paper - The Oxbow School
... very often. Though I do not have a true diagnosable form of synesthesia, I am more prone to synesthesia-like experiences due to my learning disorder. This also means that if I were shown a color every time I heard a letter sound, it would become part of my everyday experience with that letter sound. ...
... very often. Though I do not have a true diagnosable form of synesthesia, I am more prone to synesthesia-like experiences due to my learning disorder. This also means that if I were shown a color every time I heard a letter sound, it would become part of my everyday experience with that letter sound. ...
an integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function
... functions of either selective attention, behavioral inhibition, working memory, or rule-based or goal-directed behavior. In this article, we argue that all these functions depend on the representation of goals and rules in the form of patterns of activity in the PFC, which configure processing in ot ...
... functions of either selective attention, behavioral inhibition, working memory, or rule-based or goal-directed behavior. In this article, we argue that all these functions depend on the representation of goals and rules in the form of patterns of activity in the PFC, which configure processing in ot ...
Reading Words in Discourse: The Modulation of - UNC
... BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE REVIEWS ...
... BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE REVIEWS ...
Stroop effect
In psychology, the Stroop effect is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. When the name of a color (e.g., ""blue"", ""green"", or ""red"") is printed in a color not denoted by the name (e.g., the word ""red"" printed in blue ink instead of red ink), naming the color of the word takes longer and is more prone to errors than when the color of the ink matches the name of the color. The effect is named after John Ridley Stroop, who first published the effect in English in 1935. The effect had previously been published in Germany in 1929. The original paper has been one of the most cited papers in the history of experimental psychology, leading to more than 701 replications. The effect has been used to create a psychological test (Stroop test) that is widely used in clinical practice and investigation.