Classical and quantum dynamics of optical frequency conversion
... support. I’d also like to thank Chris and Gretchen Ekstrom, who kindly invited me into their family (and let me watch Simpson’s videos!) which made me feel more at home than I would have thought possible. The PhD is the last vestige of the apprenticeship system: nowhere else can one find such a clos ...
... support. I’d also like to thank Chris and Gretchen Ekstrom, who kindly invited me into their family (and let me watch Simpson’s videos!) which made me feel more at home than I would have thought possible. The PhD is the last vestige of the apprenticeship system: nowhere else can one find such a clos ...
Correlations and Counting Statistics of an Atom Laser
... grasped in the second order correlation function. This quantity was first measured in the innovative experiments by Hanbury Brown and Twiss, where they observed correlations of intensity fluctuations in two coherent beams of light [47, 48], the so-called bunching effect. Although initially measured ...
... grasped in the second order correlation function. This quantity was first measured in the innovative experiments by Hanbury Brown and Twiss, where they observed correlations of intensity fluctuations in two coherent beams of light [47, 48], the so-called bunching effect. Although initially measured ...
Electromagnetism extra study questions
... 23. In a Millikan type experiment, two horizontal plates are 2.5 cm apart. A latex sphere of mass 1.5 × 10–15 kg remains stationary when the potential difference between the plates is 460 V, with the upper plate positive. (a) Is the sphere charged negatively or positively? (b) What is the magnitude ...
... 23. In a Millikan type experiment, two horizontal plates are 2.5 cm apart. A latex sphere of mass 1.5 × 10–15 kg remains stationary when the potential difference between the plates is 460 V, with the upper plate positive. (a) Is the sphere charged negatively or positively? (b) What is the magnitude ...
Chapter 1. Some experimental facts
... Some objections to formula (19) can be raised. Some of them were raised at the end of the 19 th century , at a time when atomic physics was in a rudimentary stage and special relativity had not been formulated. These objections are still today repeated with no afterthought , see for example Ref 1 , ...
... Some objections to formula (19) can be raised. Some of them were raised at the end of the 19 th century , at a time when atomic physics was in a rudimentary stage and special relativity had not been formulated. These objections are still today repeated with no afterthought , see for example Ref 1 , ...
The Free High School Science Texts
... money, go ahead, distribute our books far and wide - we DARE you! • Ever wanted to change your textbook? Of course you have! Go ahead, change ours, make your own version, get your friends together, rip it apart and put it back together the way you like it. That’s what we really want! • Copy, modify, ...
... money, go ahead, distribute our books far and wide - we DARE you! • Ever wanted to change your textbook? Of course you have! Go ahead, change ours, make your own version, get your friends together, rip it apart and put it back together the way you like it. That’s what we really want! • Copy, modify, ...
London dispersion forces by range separated hybrid density
... The major problem, still unresolved, is related to the limited transferability of the C6 dispersion parameters, which may lead to an underestimation of van der Waals energies involving unsaturated systems or anions. A satisfactory density functional based, ab initio approach to London dispersion for ...
... The major problem, still unresolved, is related to the limited transferability of the C6 dispersion parameters, which may lead to an underestimation of van der Waals energies involving unsaturated systems or anions. A satisfactory density functional based, ab initio approach to London dispersion for ...
kivotides-POF2014-energy-spectra-of-finite-temperature
... by Thompson and Stamp16 ). Due to its topological nature, the lift force does not depend on core structure, hence scales only with material properties f L = −ρn κXv × (Vn − Ẋv ). This force ought not to be confused with similar Magnus lift forces in classical hydrodynamics (a special instance of w ...
... by Thompson and Stamp16 ). Due to its topological nature, the lift force does not depend on core structure, hence scales only with material properties f L = −ρn κXv × (Vn − Ẋv ). This force ought not to be confused with similar Magnus lift forces in classical hydrodynamics (a special instance of w ...
Casimir effect
In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect and the Casimir–Polder force are physical forces arising from a quantized field. They are named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.The typical example is of two uncharged metallic plates in a vacuum, placed a few nanometers apart. In a classical description, the lack of an external field means that there is no field between the plates, and no force would be measured between them. When this field is instead studied using the QED vacuum of quantum electrodynamics, it is seen that the plates do affect the virtual photons which constitute the field, and generate a net force—either an attraction or a repulsion depending on the specific arrangement of the two plates. Although the Casimir effect can be expressed in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, it is best described and more easily calculated in terms of the zero-point energy of a quantized field in the intervening space between the objects. This force has been measured and is a striking example of an effect captured formally by second quantization. However, the treatment of boundary conditions in these calculations has led to some controversy.In fact, ""Casimir's original goal was to compute the van der Waals force between polarizable molecules"" of the metallic plates. Thus it can be interpreted without any reference to the zero-point energy (vacuum energy) of quantum fields.Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948; the former is called the Casimir–Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense. Predictions of the force were later extended to finite-conductivity metals and dielectrics by Lifshitz and his students, and recent calculations have considered more general geometries. It was not until 1997, however, that a direct experiment, by S. Lamoreaux, described above, quantitatively measured the force (to within 15% of the value predicted by the theory), although previous work [e.g. van Blockland and Overbeek (1978)] had observed the force qualitatively, and indirect validation of the predicted Casimir energy had been made by measuring the thickness of liquid helium films by Sabisky and Anderson in 1972. Subsequent experiments approach an accuracy of a few percent.Because the strength of the force falls off rapidly with distance, it is measurable only when the distance between the objects is extremely small. On a submicron scale, this force becomes so strong that it becomes the dominant force between uncharged conductors. In fact, at separations of 10 nm—about 100 times the typical size of an atom—the Casimir effect produces the equivalent of about 1 atmosphere of pressure (the precise value depending on surface geometry and other factors).In modern theoretical physics, the Casimir effect plays an important role in the chiral bag model of the nucleon; in applied physics, it is significant in some aspects of emerging microtechnologies and nanotechnologies.Any medium supporting oscillations has an analogue of the Casimir effect. For example, beads on a string as well as plates submerged in noisy water or gas illustrate the Casimir force.