03.06 Near Ground Ozone (Edition 1993)
... different layers of the atmosphere as well as its effect on living and inanimate environment are elucidated in the schematic depiction of Map 03.06.1. Production and destruction of ozone as well as the action of this pollutant gas are greatly dependent on the respective weather conditions. There are ...
... different layers of the atmosphere as well as its effect on living and inanimate environment are elucidated in the schematic depiction of Map 03.06.1. Production and destruction of ozone as well as the action of this pollutant gas are greatly dependent on the respective weather conditions. There are ...
03.06 Near Ground Ozone (Edition 1993)
... different layers of the atmosphere as well as its effect on living and inanimate environment are elucidated in the schematic depiction of Map 03.06.1. Production and destruction of ozone as well as the action of this pollutant gas are greatly dependent on the respective weather conditions. There are ...
... different layers of the atmosphere as well as its effect on living and inanimate environment are elucidated in the schematic depiction of Map 03.06.1. Production and destruction of ozone as well as the action of this pollutant gas are greatly dependent on the respective weather conditions. There are ...
Paul Crutzen - Nobel Lecture
... All this time I had longed for an academic career. One day, at the beginning of 1958, I saw an advertisement in a Swedish newspaper from the Department of Meteorology of Stockholm Högskola (from 1961, Stockholm University) announcing an opening for a computer programmer. Although I had not the sligh ...
... All this time I had longed for an academic career. One day, at the beginning of 1958, I saw an advertisement in a Swedish newspaper from the Department of Meteorology of Stockholm Högskola (from 1961, Stockholm University) announcing an opening for a computer programmer. Although I had not the sligh ...
Using stellar scintillation for studies of turbulence in the Earth`s
... variable anisotropy have not yet been used for interpretations of scintillation measurements (see also the discussion in §5e). Although there exist models of the three-dimensional spectrum of atmospheric irregularities that have been successfully used for interpretation of scintillation measurements ...
... variable anisotropy have not yet been used for interpretations of scintillation measurements (see also the discussion in §5e). Although there exist models of the three-dimensional spectrum of atmospheric irregularities that have been successfully used for interpretation of scintillation measurements ...
- Wiley Online Library
... top boundary (case 2), can either be greater (Figures 1b and 1d) or less (Figures 1a and 1c) than the directional cloud fraction N(q), corresponding to the case with plane-parallel cloud geometry (case 1). For a cloud field the dependence of N(q) on cloud shape will be even more complex because of t ...
... top boundary (case 2), can either be greater (Figures 1b and 1d) or less (Figures 1a and 1c) than the directional cloud fraction N(q), corresponding to the case with plane-parallel cloud geometry (case 1). For a cloud field the dependence of N(q) on cloud shape will be even more complex because of t ...
Nature template - PC Word 97
... transport processes. For example, at an altitude of ~45 km, where O(1D) peaks, chem is ~108 s for O(1D) + CO2 but only ~10-5 s for the collisional quenching of O(1D); that for trans is ~107 s, and the age of air entering from the troposphere is ~108 s (21). During the time air ascends from the tr ...
... transport processes. For example, at an altitude of ~45 km, where O(1D) peaks, chem is ~108 s for O(1D) + CO2 but only ~10-5 s for the collisional quenching of O(1D); that for trans is ~107 s, and the age of air entering from the troposphere is ~108 s (21). During the time air ascends from the tr ...
Ozone Layer: Existence and Anthropogenic Depletion
... levels increase 35% per year in the winter and 6.7% in the summer. At 324 nm, the trend was 0.4% per year in the winter and -0.1% per year in the summer. Ozone is strongly implicated because ozone has almost no absorption at 324 nm, whereas it strongly absorbs at 300 nm. Ozone Layer, slides 16-17 he ...
... levels increase 35% per year in the winter and 6.7% in the summer. At 324 nm, the trend was 0.4% per year in the winter and -0.1% per year in the summer. Ozone is strongly implicated because ozone has almost no absorption at 324 nm, whereas it strongly absorbs at 300 nm. Ozone Layer, slides 16-17 he ...
The budget and cycle of Earth`s natural chlorine
... possibility that coastal urban areas have higher ambient HC1 concentrations than do continental urban areas, but the range is such that local sources often must dominate any natural backgrounds. Overall, the average boundary layer concentration of natural gaseous HCI is about 200 pptv, giving a trop ...
... possibility that coastal urban areas have higher ambient HC1 concentrations than do continental urban areas, but the range is such that local sources often must dominate any natural backgrounds. Overall, the average boundary layer concentration of natural gaseous HCI is about 200 pptv, giving a trop ...
Interactions among Cloud, Water Vapor, Radiation and Large
... values of cloud percentages, categorized by cloud top height and optical depth (Schiffer and Rossow 1985, Rossow and Schiffer 1999). In the model, radiation variables were stored every 30 minutes. The cloud top was defined to be the pressure where the visible optical depth of the cloud reached 0.1. ...
... values of cloud percentages, categorized by cloud top height and optical depth (Schiffer and Rossow 1985, Rossow and Schiffer 1999). In the model, radiation variables were stored every 30 minutes. The cloud top was defined to be the pressure where the visible optical depth of the cloud reached 0.1. ...
The interdependence of continental warm cloud properties derived
... and showed that less than 10 % of supercooled liquid water clouds occurred at temperatures colder than −20 ◦ C. This temperature threshold approximately corresponds to an altitude of 7 km at the ARM Oklahoma site during summer seasons; any clouds located higher than 7 km were excluded and not retrie ...
... and showed that less than 10 % of supercooled liquid water clouds occurred at temperatures colder than −20 ◦ C. This temperature threshold approximately corresponds to an altitude of 7 km at the ARM Oklahoma site during summer seasons; any clouds located higher than 7 km were excluded and not retrie ...
Energetic Particle Influence on the Earth`s Atmosphere
... Solar (Solar Energetic Particles) and Galactic (Galactic Cosmic Ray) Protons, see Fig. 1. Significant improvements have been made recently in both modelling and observations of energetic particles (EPs), so that many links of the chain linking energetic particle precipitation to atmospheric processe ...
... Solar (Solar Energetic Particles) and Galactic (Galactic Cosmic Ray) Protons, see Fig. 1. Significant improvements have been made recently in both modelling and observations of energetic particles (EPs), so that many links of the chain linking energetic particle precipitation to atmospheric processe ...
L’atmosfera terrestre - 1
... The temperature profile in the troposphere is actually more complicated than shown in the Figure. The height of the tropopause (a layer of almost constant temperature) from the ground ranges from 8 km at high latitudes to 18 km above the equator; it is also highest in summer and lowest in winter. Th ...
... The temperature profile in the troposphere is actually more complicated than shown in the Figure. The height of the tropopause (a layer of almost constant temperature) from the ground ranges from 8 km at high latitudes to 18 km above the equator; it is also highest in summer and lowest in winter. Th ...
Neptune Science with Argo – A Voyage through the Outer Solar
... those of Uranus, though the internal heat sources differ? Imaging at routine intervals will capture atmospheric motions and measure winds. Thermal mapping of the entire planet at a wide range of phase angles is key to energy balance models. 5. What is Neptune's temperature field; how does it affect ...
... those of Uranus, though the internal heat sources differ? Imaging at routine intervals will capture atmospheric motions and measure winds. Thermal mapping of the entire planet at a wide range of phase angles is key to energy balance models. 5. What is Neptune's temperature field; how does it affect ...
Long-term monitoring of stratospheric composition by UV
... Trend of stratospheric BrO at 60°N and 45°S Bromine contributes significantly to the global ozone loss (by about 25%) – BrO is the most abundant bromine species during daytime Stratospheric BrO columns retrieved by applying a profiling technique to the ground-based zenith-sky DOAS observations ...
... Trend of stratospheric BrO at 60°N and 45°S Bromine contributes significantly to the global ozone loss (by about 25%) – BrO is the most abundant bromine species during daytime Stratospheric BrO columns retrieved by applying a profiling technique to the ground-based zenith-sky DOAS observations ...
Full-Text PDF
... general increase with increases in NOx emission, methane is reduced, due to increases in OH. Several processes where current and future changes have implications for climate-chemistry interactions are identified. It is also shown that climatic changes through dynamic processes could have significant ...
... general increase with increases in NOx emission, methane is reduced, due to increases in OH. Several processes where current and future changes have implications for climate-chemistry interactions are identified. It is also shown that climatic changes through dynamic processes could have significant ...
Climate Change and Atmospheric Chemistry: How Will
... thick ozone layer at the Earths surface would thus correspond to a pure ozone column of 3 mm. The stratospheric ozone layer filters out a large part of the UV radiation emitted by the sun (about 100–380 nm), protecting life on Earth. The almost complete absorption of the energy-intensive solar UV-B ...
... thick ozone layer at the Earths surface would thus correspond to a pure ozone column of 3 mm. The stratospheric ozone layer filters out a large part of the UV radiation emitted by the sun (about 100–380 nm), protecting life on Earth. The almost complete absorption of the energy-intensive solar UV-B ...
Collision of comet Shoemaker– Levy 9 with Jupiter: what shall we
... Thorough observations and studies of comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 were started just after its discovery on 24 March 1993; papers devoted to this comet began to appear almost daily. News of the forthcoming collision of the comet with Jupiter has reached television and the pages of all major newspapers ar ...
... Thorough observations and studies of comet Shoemaker – Levy 9 were started just after its discovery on 24 March 1993; papers devoted to this comet began to appear almost daily. News of the forthcoming collision of the comet with Jupiter has reached television and the pages of all major newspapers ar ...
Radiative and Convective Driving of Tropical High Clouds
... were also made using more current greenhouse gas values, and there was very little sensitivity of radiative calculations to greenhouse gas concentrations.) In Fig. 2, contours of shortwave, longwave, and net top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation are shown in T– coordinates. Optical depth matters more f ...
... were also made using more current greenhouse gas values, and there was very little sensitivity of radiative calculations to greenhouse gas concentrations.) In Fig. 2, contours of shortwave, longwave, and net top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiation are shown in T– coordinates. Optical depth matters more f ...
"Dynamics and Circulation of Venus and Titan"
... for both atmospheres. These models use simplified parameterisations as explained in Chapter 4, 6 and 7. These simplifications save computational time and avoid difficulties regarding the observational data about these astronomical objects, nevertheless they attempt to keep a realistic dynamic circul ...
... for both atmospheres. These models use simplified parameterisations as explained in Chapter 4, 6 and 7. These simplifications save computational time and avoid difficulties regarding the observational data about these astronomical objects, nevertheless they attempt to keep a realistic dynamic circul ...
Sensitivity of GNSS Occultation Profiles to Horizontal Variability in
... 1 km. Biases are generally negligible and bias values of more than 1 gpm are only found below 3 km. With reference profiles along the 3D tangent point trajectory (bottom panel), standard deviations remain smaller than 10 gpm down to 4 km and do not exceed 25 gpm at 1 km; biases are similarly small a ...
... 1 km. Biases are generally negligible and bias values of more than 1 gpm are only found below 3 km. With reference profiles along the 3D tangent point trajectory (bottom panel), standard deviations remain smaller than 10 gpm down to 4 km and do not exceed 25 gpm at 1 km; biases are similarly small a ...
On the regional climatic impact of contrails: microphysical and
... Size distributions are speci®ed for two cloud types: cirrus and contrails. Table 1 gives the discretized cirrus size distribution as derived from two separate data sources. A and B designate the half-width and the length of the representative hexagonal ice particles. For cirrus cloud particles small ...
... Size distributions are speci®ed for two cloud types: cirrus and contrails. Table 1 gives the discretized cirrus size distribution as derived from two separate data sources. A and B designate the half-width and the length of the representative hexagonal ice particles. For cirrus cloud particles small ...
Earth`s Atmosphere - d
... During cold winters, molecules released from these compounds are transformed into new compounds by chemical reactions on ice crystals that form in the ozone layer over Antarctica. In the spring, warming by the Sun breaks down the new compounds and releases chlorine and bromine. These chemicals break ...
... During cold winters, molecules released from these compounds are transformed into new compounds by chemical reactions on ice crystals that form in the ozone layer over Antarctica. In the spring, warming by the Sun breaks down the new compounds and releases chlorine and bromine. These chemicals break ...
Lecture 7: Photochemistry of Important Atmospheric Species
... • In the lower troposphere, only molecules with D0 corresponding to λ > 290 nm are photochemically active. Most common atmospheric molecules, including N2, CO, O2, CO2, CH4, NO, etc. are stable against photodissociation in the troposphere. • In addition, the molecule should have bright electronic tr ...
... • In the lower troposphere, only molecules with D0 corresponding to λ > 290 nm are photochemically active. Most common atmospheric molecules, including N2, CO, O2, CO2, CH4, NO, etc. are stable against photodissociation in the troposphere. • In addition, the molecule should have bright electronic tr ...
General Structure of the Atmosphere, and Atmospheric Temperature
... The average height of the troposphere over the United States is 36,000 feet mean sea level (MSL), but pressure systems and seasonal differences cause a variance in the height. Due to heating, the troposphere extends to a greater height in summer than in winter. The atmosphere becomes less dense with ...
... The average height of the troposphere over the United States is 36,000 feet mean sea level (MSL), but pressure systems and seasonal differences cause a variance in the height. Due to heating, the troposphere extends to a greater height in summer than in winter. The atmosphere becomes less dense with ...
the middle atmosphere and its sensitivity to climate
... parts of the atmosphere, particularly in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere regions. These are the regions of interest in this thesis. The observed cooling since the early 1980s is about 0.5 K decade–1 in the lower stratosphere and about 2 K decade–1 near the stratopause (∼50 km) (Ramaswamy ...
... parts of the atmosphere, particularly in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere regions. These are the regions of interest in this thesis. The observed cooling since the early 1980s is about 0.5 K decade–1 in the lower stratosphere and about 2 K decade–1 near the stratopause (∼50 km) (Ramaswamy ...
Atmosphere of Uranus
The atmosphere of Uranus, like those of the larger gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. At depth it is significantly enriched in volatiles (dubbed ""ices"") such as water, ammonia and methane. The opposite is true for the upper atmosphere, which contains very few gases heavier than hydrogen and helium due to its low temperature. Uranus's atmosphere is the coldest of all the planets, with its temperature reaching as low as 49 K.The Uranian atmosphere can be divided into three main layers: the troposphere, between altitudes of −300 and 50 km and pressures from 100 to 0.1 bar; the stratosphere, spanning altitudes between 50 and 4000 km and pressures of between 0.1 and 10−10 bar; and the hot thermosphere (and exosphere) extending from an altitude of 4,000 km to several Uranian radii from the nominal surface at 1 bar pressure. Unlike Earth's, Uranus's atmosphere has no mesosphere.The troposphere hosts four cloud layers: methane clouds at about 1.2 bar, hydrogen sulfide and ammonia clouds at 3–10 bar, ammonium hydrosulfide clouds at 20–40 bar, and finally water clouds below 50 bar. Only the upper two cloud layers have been observed directly—the deeper clouds remain speculative. Above the clouds lie several tenuous layers of photochemical haze. Discrete bright tropospheric clouds are rare on Uranus, probably due to sluggish convection in the planet's interior. Nevertheless observations of such clouds were used to measure the planet's zonal winds, which are remarkably fast with speeds up to 240 m/s.Little is known about the Uranian atmosphere as to date only one spacecraft, Voyager 2, which passed by the planet in 1986, has studied it in detail. No other missions to Uranus are currently scheduled.