the hows, whats and wows of the willis tower
... used a steel tube with exterior cross braces instead of the traditional steel skeleton of most skyscrapers. But to go still higher and create a distinctive look for the Tower, Khan came up with a “bundled tube” design that handled both wind and gravity. At the ground level and on up to the 50th leve ...
... used a steel tube with exterior cross braces instead of the traditional steel skeleton of most skyscrapers. But to go still higher and create a distinctive look for the Tower, Khan came up with a “bundled tube” design that handled both wind and gravity. At the ground level and on up to the 50th leve ...
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
... Where = ratio of distance between neutral axis and tension face to distance between neutral axis and centroid of reinforcing steel 1.2 in beams. fs = actual tensile strength of concrete in psi dc = distance from centre of bar to extreme tension fiber in (in.) A = area of concrete symmetric with rein ...
... Where = ratio of distance between neutral axis and tension face to distance between neutral axis and centroid of reinforcing steel 1.2 in beams. fs = actual tensile strength of concrete in psi dc = distance from centre of bar to extreme tension fiber in (in.) A = area of concrete symmetric with rein ...
Aesthetic Architecture Aesthetic Architecture
... This building is composed of tube trusses that wrap around all four rectangular sides (14×17 m each) of the building with the wall structure, which is of composite assemblies made of steel plate and concrete. These walls have irregularly-shaped openings that, according to the architects, “present mo ...
... This building is composed of tube trusses that wrap around all four rectangular sides (14×17 m each) of the building with the wall structure, which is of composite assemblies made of steel plate and concrete. These walls have irregularly-shaped openings that, according to the architects, “present mo ...
Structural Systems for Office Buildings
... There are many ways to construct a building. The designing team, structural engineers and architects, works together to find the best possible solution that will fulfill the owner’s whishes. In this process a structural system needs to be chosen. There are many factors that affect the selection of t ...
... There are many ways to construct a building. The designing team, structural engineers and architects, works together to find the best possible solution that will fulfill the owner’s whishes. In this process a structural system needs to be chosen. There are many factors that affect the selection of t ...
Chapter 06-Architectural Consideration
... out safely so that they could become larger as they rose: the inverted pyramid could be built. These possibilities were eagerly explored by a new generation of architects: with them came other ideas: the rejection of symmetricalness of plan in favor of a more exciting and more rational disposition o ...
... out safely so that they could become larger as they rose: the inverted pyramid could be built. These possibilities were eagerly explored by a new generation of architects: with them came other ideas: the rejection of symmetricalness of plan in favor of a more exciting and more rational disposition o ...
Detailed Engineering Evaluation
... detail in New Zealand. However, with the number of buildings affected, there is a need to quickly develop an assessment methodology, and ensure that it is applied. Guides for such evaluations have been developed overseas, notably in the US under the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) pr ...
... detail in New Zealand. However, with the number of buildings affected, there is a need to quickly develop an assessment methodology, and ensure that it is applied. Guides for such evaluations have been developed overseas, notably in the US under the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) pr ...
The Development of Steel Framed Buildings in Britain 1880
... The key questions to consider are whether there was a significant delay in introducing steel into the British construction industry and if so, whether it was due, as some have suggested, to the conservative attitude of the architectural profession. I hope to demonstrate that as any delay was small, ...
... The key questions to consider are whether there was a significant delay in introducing steel into the British construction industry and if so, whether it was due, as some have suggested, to the conservative attitude of the architectural profession. I hope to demonstrate that as any delay was small, ...
Floor System:
... Moment frames were designed in place of braced frames or shear walls to create an open flexible floor plan. Swedish American Hospital wanted to option to “re-program” various floors and re-layout different floor plans. Braced frames and shear walls are a hindrance when trying to re-layout a floor pl ...
... Moment frames were designed in place of braced frames or shear walls to create an open flexible floor plan. Swedish American Hospital wanted to option to “re-program” various floors and re-layout different floor plans. Braced frames and shear walls are a hindrance when trying to re-layout a floor pl ...
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
... Features of the Building Building is a reinforced concrete frame building with multi bays in X-direction or Y-direction. Egyptian Loading Code (ECP201-2012) states that the design horizontal acceleration as 0.15g for this building zone. The footings of the fivestorey building are located on soil lay ...
... Features of the Building Building is a reinforced concrete frame building with multi bays in X-direction or Y-direction. Egyptian Loading Code (ECP201-2012) states that the design horizontal acceleration as 0.15g for this building zone. The footings of the fivestorey building are located on soil lay ...
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X,
... in terms of construction and maintenance costs [1]. The safety factors used in conventional design is no guarantee for structural safety due to uncertainties that occur in structural loadings [2-5]. The reliability evaluation of engineered structures is a task of paramount importance structural engi ...
... in terms of construction and maintenance costs [1]. The safety factors used in conventional design is no guarantee for structural safety due to uncertainties that occur in structural loadings [2-5]. The reliability evaluation of engineered structures is a task of paramount importance structural engi ...
International Journal of Computer Science and Intelligent
... 100b /D, where D is the larger lateral dimension wh ich is also restricted up to four times of b. It is called co mpression member because compression forces and stresses dominate their behavior. Concentrically loaded colu mns are subjected to pure axial load. Ho wever, such columns rarely occur in ...
... 100b /D, where D is the larger lateral dimension wh ich is also restricted up to four times of b. It is called co mpression member because compression forces and stresses dominate their behavior. Concentrically loaded colu mns are subjected to pure axial load. Ho wever, such columns rarely occur in ...
Assessment of Overstrength and Ductility of a Four
... given by Eq. 3. In the common case where the tension brace in the same bent and at the same level had excess capacity to compensate for this reduction in compressive strength, the reduction factor, [1/(1+0.35λ)], was not applied. Columns 4 and 5 of Table 1 contain a summary of the brace member sect ...
... given by Eq. 3. In the common case where the tension brace in the same bent and at the same level had excess capacity to compensate for this reduction in compressive strength, the reduction factor, [1/(1+0.35λ)], was not applied. Columns 4 and 5 of Table 1 contain a summary of the brace member sect ...
The Moving Sky – A Case Study
... Skyscrapers were preferred because of their ability to build more real estate out of a relatively small ground area. Most Americans liked to have their offices near the centre of the city. This led to the development of skyscrapers as architects found it easier to expand the metropolis upward than o ...
... Skyscrapers were preferred because of their ability to build more real estate out of a relatively small ground area. Most Americans liked to have their offices near the centre of the city. This led to the development of skyscrapers as architects found it easier to expand the metropolis upward than o ...
V.Shukhov. A critical review on digital architecture
... Since engineers and architects have started using computer technologies, they rediscovered grid structures that do not dictate the shape of the building and allow forming more complex shapes. However, the shift to relying on algorithms for capturing and communicating designs in architecture has been ...
... Since engineers and architects have started using computer technologies, they rediscovered grid structures that do not dictate the shape of the building and allow forming more complex shapes. However, the shift to relying on algorithms for capturing and communicating designs in architecture has been ...
effect of opening on behaviour of shear wall
... behavior of shear wall with opening under seismic load actions. In modern tall buildings, shear walls are commonly used as a vertical structural element for resisting the lateral loads that may be induced by the effect of wind and earthquakes. Shear walls are generally located at the sides of buildi ...
... behavior of shear wall with opening under seismic load actions. In modern tall buildings, shear walls are commonly used as a vertical structural element for resisting the lateral loads that may be induced by the effect of wind and earthquakes. Shear walls are generally located at the sides of buildi ...
Contents - ArcelorMittal Sections
... from high local humidity is often the result of missing or improperly installed thermal insulation. On the other hand, lack of moisture protection can lead to condensation in the construction, which in turn affects the effectiveness of the thermal insulation. In multi-skin roof or wall constructions ...
... from high local humidity is often the result of missing or improperly installed thermal insulation. On the other hand, lack of moisture protection can lead to condensation in the construction, which in turn affects the effectiveness of the thermal insulation. In multi-skin roof or wall constructions ...
SHEAR WALL Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal
... Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation. However, in some buildings lower floors are used for commercial purposes and the buildings are characterized with larger plan dimensions at these floors. Comparisons of shear wall with construction of conventional load bearing walls. ...
... Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation. However, in some buildings lower floors are used for commercial purposes and the buildings are characterized with larger plan dimensions at these floors. Comparisons of shear wall with construction of conventional load bearing walls. ...
Study on Seismic Behaviour of Tall Irregular Buildings under
... seismic demands for vertically irregular and ‘‘regular’’ fram9es determined by rigorous nonlinear response history analysis (RHA), due to an ensemble of 20 ground motions. Forty-eight irregular frames, all 12-story high with strong columns and weak beams, were designed with three types of irregulari ...
... seismic demands for vertically irregular and ‘‘regular’’ fram9es determined by rigorous nonlinear response history analysis (RHA), due to an ensemble of 20 ground motions. Forty-eight irregular frames, all 12-story high with strong columns and weak beams, were designed with three types of irregulari ...
Seismic Design of Eccentrically Braced Space Frame J C
... their connections are shown in Figure 8. Each link- tobrace joint is laterally retrained at both top and bottom flanges of the link beam by two square tubes. In the construction of the 3D EBFs, the link beam corner connections and the link- to- brace connections are all shop welded. Field splices ar ...
... their connections are shown in Figure 8. Each link- tobrace joint is laterally retrained at both top and bottom flanges of the link beam by two square tubes. In the construction of the 3D EBFs, the link beam corner connections and the link- to- brace connections are all shop welded. Field splices ar ...
Multi-Story Wood Construction
... construction with additional limitations. In Canada, the British Columbia building code was revised in 2009 to permit residential wood construction up to six stories. Use of fire walls to “separate” buildings. While the code does not explicitly require fire walls, they may be utilized in many cases ...
... construction with additional limitations. In Canada, the British Columbia building code was revised in 2009 to permit residential wood construction up to six stories. Use of fire walls to “separate” buildings. While the code does not explicitly require fire walls, they may be utilized in many cases ...
Guidelines for Professional Structural Engineering Services for Part
... Guide 2004). In fact, if only the prescriptive provisions are followed, a modern-style Part 9 Building in a high-hazard region (wind or seismic) will likely have compromised sway resistance due to open layouts with few if any interior walls, and/or exterior walls very significantly interrupted by ma ...
... Guide 2004). In fact, if only the prescriptive provisions are followed, a modern-style Part 9 Building in a high-hazard region (wind or seismic) will likely have compromised sway resistance due to open layouts with few if any interior walls, and/or exterior walls very significantly interrupted by ma ...
Multi-Story Wood Construction
... construction with additional limitations. In Canada, the British Columbia building code was revised in 2009 to permit residential wood construction up to six stories. Use of fire walls to “separate” buildings. While the code does not explicitly require fire walls, they may be utilized in many cases ...
... construction with additional limitations. In Canada, the British Columbia building code was revised in 2009 to permit residential wood construction up to six stories. Use of fire walls to “separate” buildings. While the code does not explicitly require fire walls, they may be utilized in many cases ...
lateral forces— earthquakes
... Another difficulty with seismic design is that the forces produced by an earthquake are so great that no building can economically and reasonably be designed to completely resist all loads in a major earthquake without damage. Building codes and analytical methods of design are, therefore, a compromis ...
... Another difficulty with seismic design is that the forces produced by an earthquake are so great that no building can economically and reasonably be designed to completely resist all loads in a major earthquake without damage. Building codes and analytical methods of design are, therefore, a compromis ...
SEISMIC ISOLATION RETROFIT IN JAPAN
... service. In Japan, more than 17 existing buildings has been executed or under planning of retrofit work up to the end of March 1999. Those buildings are historical buildings including temples, government buildings, school buildings and so on. Among them, two middle-rise reinforced concrete buildings ...
... service. In Japan, more than 17 existing buildings has been executed or under planning of retrofit work up to the end of March 1999. Those buildings are historical buildings including temples, government buildings, school buildings and so on. Among them, two middle-rise reinforced concrete buildings ...
implementing low-damage structural systems
... reverse cycles while sustaining their integrity. The basic principle of this design philosophy, widely known and referred to as “capacity design” or hierarchy of strength, developed in the mid/late1960s by Professors Bob Park and Tom Paulay at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, is to ensur ...
... reverse cycles while sustaining their integrity. The basic principle of this design philosophy, widely known and referred to as “capacity design” or hierarchy of strength, developed in the mid/late1960s by Professors Bob Park and Tom Paulay at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, is to ensur ...
Skyscraper
A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building of over 40 floors, mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses. A skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, but the term skyscraper is often used for buildings higher than 150 m (492 ft). For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the term Supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m (1,969 ft) are classified as Megatall.One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls. These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers' walls are not load-bearing and most skyscrapers are characterized by large surface areas of windows made possible by the concept of steel frame and curtain walls. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls and a small surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a tubular structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist lateral loads (wind, seismic, etc.). To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure and to transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks.