acetyl CoA carboxylase
... synthase (condensing enzyme) Domain 2 contains acyl carrier protein, -ketoacyl reductase, dehydratase, and enoyl reductase. ...
... synthase (condensing enzyme) Domain 2 contains acyl carrier protein, -ketoacyl reductase, dehydratase, and enoyl reductase. ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... Fatty acid assembled in a repeating four-step sequence catalyzed by fatty acid synthase ...
... Fatty acid assembled in a repeating four-step sequence catalyzed by fatty acid synthase ...
Metabolism of lipids
... Main characteristics of the fatty acid biosynthesis (2) • Biosynthetic reactions are catalyzed by enzymes different from those catalyzing the degradation processes despite the fact that the intermediates are similar to those produced during the degradation process • The FAs are built by sequential ...
... Main characteristics of the fatty acid biosynthesis (2) • Biosynthetic reactions are catalyzed by enzymes different from those catalyzing the degradation processes despite the fact that the intermediates are similar to those produced during the degradation process • The FAs are built by sequential ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... Intermediates covalently linked to acyl carrier protein Activation of each acetyl CoA. acetyl CoA + CO2 Æ Malonyl CoA Four-step repeating cycle, extension by 2-carbons / cycle ...
... Intermediates covalently linked to acyl carrier protein Activation of each acetyl CoA. acetyl CoA + CO2 Æ Malonyl CoA Four-step repeating cycle, extension by 2-carbons / cycle ...
Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules
... sucrase breaks down sucrose Oh, I get it! They end in -ase ...
... sucrase breaks down sucrose Oh, I get it! They end in -ase ...
Lecture: 27 Fatty acid and triacyl glycerol biosynthesis Biosynthesis
... and a water molecule is removed to form α, β-unsaturated acyl ACP. vi) Formation of Acyl ACP The unsaturated acyl ACP is converted in the next step to a saturated acyl ACP by the enzyme α,β-unsaturated acyl ACP reductase using NADPH as the coenzyme. The resultant product contains two carbon atom ...
... and a water molecule is removed to form α, β-unsaturated acyl ACP. vi) Formation of Acyl ACP The unsaturated acyl ACP is converted in the next step to a saturated acyl ACP by the enzyme α,β-unsaturated acyl ACP reductase using NADPH as the coenzyme. The resultant product contains two carbon atom ...
Critical assessment of side chain conformation prediction in
... 1L63, respectively) were chosen as starting points to model the mutants included in the benchmark. The choice of these two reference structures among those available was made on the basis of crystallization conditions and absence of phenomena that could alter side chain conformation in an unpredicta ...
... 1L63, respectively) were chosen as starting points to model the mutants included in the benchmark. The choice of these two reference structures among those available was made on the basis of crystallization conditions and absence of phenomena that could alter side chain conformation in an unpredicta ...
Text S1.
... remains uninvestigated, although it appears to be an essential component similar to GTPase (cysN) which drives the energetically unfavorable reaction of ATPS (cysD) in bacterial cells [19]. For the subsequent APS reduction step, APR-B-type APS reductase was predicted to be the responsible enzyme in ...
... remains uninvestigated, although it appears to be an essential component similar to GTPase (cysN) which drives the energetically unfavorable reaction of ATPS (cysD) in bacterial cells [19]. For the subsequent APS reduction step, APR-B-type APS reductase was predicted to be the responsible enzyme in ...
Lecture 36 - Lipid Metabolism 2
... Acetyl CoA carboxylase - catalyzes the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis using a biotin-mediated reaction mechanism that carboxylates acetyl-CoA to form the C3 compound malonyl-CoA.. Fatty acid synthase - this large multi-functional enzyme is responsible for catalyzing a series of reactions th ...
... Acetyl CoA carboxylase - catalyzes the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis using a biotin-mediated reaction mechanism that carboxylates acetyl-CoA to form the C3 compound malonyl-CoA.. Fatty acid synthase - this large multi-functional enzyme is responsible for catalyzing a series of reactions th ...
Lecture 37
... Aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit the production of PGH2 by irreversibly blocking the cycloxygenase activity of prostaglandin synthase. It turns out that aspirin and ibuprogen inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, although ibuprofen is more potent than aspirin. The COX-2 isoform is considered the key proinflam ...
... Aspirin and ibuprofen inhibit the production of PGH2 by irreversibly blocking the cycloxygenase activity of prostaglandin synthase. It turns out that aspirin and ibuprogen inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2, although ibuprofen is more potent than aspirin. The COX-2 isoform is considered the key proinflam ...
FEBS Letters
... 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Ampli¢cation of the dxr gene probe As a ¢rst step towards the identi¢cation of the gene encoding Dxr, the characteristic enzyme for the MEP pathway, a suitable gene probe was developed. The deduced dxr sequence of E. coli (P45568) was therefore compared to the hypothet ...
... 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Ampli¢cation of the dxr gene probe As a ¢rst step towards the identi¢cation of the gene encoding Dxr, the characteristic enzyme for the MEP pathway, a suitable gene probe was developed. The deduced dxr sequence of E. coli (P45568) was therefore compared to the hypothet ...
Pentose Phosphate Pathway (aka Hexose monophosphate shunt)
... Requires TPP as cofactor Goes through a TPP-Xu-5-P adduct as intermediate ...
... Requires TPP as cofactor Goes through a TPP-Xu-5-P adduct as intermediate ...
CH 2 - Faperta UGM
... Rule: The Desaturase System requires O2 and resembles an electron transport system ...
... Rule: The Desaturase System requires O2 and resembles an electron transport system ...
Biochemistry 6/e
... ACC-P (less active) can be allosterically activated with citrate (+) and inhibited by palmitoylCoA (-). ...
... ACC-P (less active) can be allosterically activated with citrate (+) and inhibited by palmitoylCoA (-). ...
TD3 5.08 – PKS/NRPS pathways and mass
... - Ybt strips Fe3+ from host proteins and is used for Y pestis survival - Ybt synthesized by hybrid NRPS/PKS system D= Dalton = g/mol ...
... - Ybt strips Fe3+ from host proteins and is used for Y pestis survival - Ybt synthesized by hybrid NRPS/PKS system D= Dalton = g/mol ...
C485 Exam I
... Synthesis from an activated DAG (p 761) Synthesis from an activated alcohol (p 763) Base exchange (p 763) ...
... Synthesis from an activated DAG (p 761) Synthesis from an activated alcohol (p 763) Base exchange (p 763) ...
8.07 Fatty Acid Biosynthesis And Oxidation
... The cyclic series of reactions that result in the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids are shown in Figure 1. Fatty acid biosynthesis, exemplified by the pathway from Escherichia coli, is initiated by the condensation of malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) with acetyl-CoA by the -ketoacyl-ACP synt ...
... The cyclic series of reactions that result in the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids are shown in Figure 1. Fatty acid biosynthesis, exemplified by the pathway from Escherichia coli, is initiated by the condensation of malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) with acetyl-CoA by the -ketoacyl-ACP synt ...
Enzymes and their Cofactors Source: Biochemistry: An Illustrated
... degrades odd-numbered fatty acids -- Methionine synthase/homocysteine methyltransferase: This enzyme transfers a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N5-methylTHF) onto homocysteine to form methionine. Methionine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to generate S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) ...
... degrades odd-numbered fatty acids -- Methionine synthase/homocysteine methyltransferase: This enzyme transfers a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N5-methylTHF) onto homocysteine to form methionine. Methionine reacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to generate S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) ...
Handout: Fatty Acid Synthesis
... • FA are synthesized by the repetitive condensation of two-carbon units derived from malonyl CoA ...
... • FA are synthesized by the repetitive condensation of two-carbon units derived from malonyl CoA ...
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes What is a chemical reaction?
... Properties of Enzymes 1. Lowers activation energy 2. Speeds up a reaction 3. Can be used repeatedly 4. Shape specific (substrate)* *If shape is altered, enzyme cannot function Animations ...
... Properties of Enzymes 1. Lowers activation energy 2. Speeds up a reaction 3. Can be used repeatedly 4. Shape specific (substrate)* *If shape is altered, enzyme cannot function Animations ...
Biosynthesis of Salinosporamides from α,β
... bearing methyl, ethyl, chloroethyl, and propyl substituents per salinosporamides D (1), B (2), A (3) and E (4), respectively (Scheme 1).1-3 The recent discovery of the related metabolite cinnabaramide A (5) from a terrestrial streptomycete,4 which instead harbors a C-2 hexyl chain, further extends t ...
... bearing methyl, ethyl, chloroethyl, and propyl substituents per salinosporamides D (1), B (2), A (3) and E (4), respectively (Scheme 1).1-3 The recent discovery of the related metabolite cinnabaramide A (5) from a terrestrial streptomycete,4 which instead harbors a C-2 hexyl chain, further extends t ...
Fatty Acid Synthesis
... the subsequent reactions are CoA esters, indicating that the process is carried out by separate enzymes rather than a complex of FA synthase type. (uses CoA instead of ACP as the acyl carrier) It is the main site for elongation of existing long chain FAs ...
... the subsequent reactions are CoA esters, indicating that the process is carried out by separate enzymes rather than a complex of FA synthase type. (uses CoA instead of ACP as the acyl carrier) It is the main site for elongation of existing long chain FAs ...
Lipid Biosynthesis
... B) Rearrangement. C) Reduction. D) Dehydration. 3. Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes? A) Carboxylation of acetyl CoA. B) Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol. C) Assembly of the fatty acid chain. D) All of the above. ...
... B) Rearrangement. C) Reduction. D) Dehydration. 3. Which of the following is the regulated step of fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes? A) Carboxylation of acetyl CoA. B) Transportation of mitochondrial acetyl CoA into the cytosol. C) Assembly of the fatty acid chain. D) All of the above. ...
Biosynthesis of doxorubicin
Doxorubicin (DXR) is a 14-hydroxylated version of daunorubicin, the immediate precursor of DXR in its biosynthetic pathway. Daunorubicin is more abundantly found as a natural product because it is produced by a number of different wild type strains of streptomyces. In contrast, only one known non-wild type species, streptomyces peucetius subspecies cesius ATCC 27952, was initially found to be capable of producing the more widely used doxorubicin. This strain was created by Arcamone et al. in 1969 by mutating a strain producing daunorubicin, but not DXR, at least in detectable quantities. Subsequently, Hutchinson's group showed that under special environmental conditions, or by the introduction of genetic modifications, other strains of streptomyces can produce doxorubicin. His group has also cloned many of the genes required for DXR production, although not all of them have been fully characterized. In 1996, Strohl's group discovered, isolated and characterized dox A, the gene encoding the enzyme that converts daunorubicin into DXR. By 1999, they produced recombinant Dox A, a Cytochrome P450 oxidase, and found that it catalyzes multiple steps in DXR biosynthesis, including steps leading to daunorubicin. This was significant because it became clear that all daunorubicin producing strains have the necessary genes to produce DXR, the much more therapeutically important of the two. Hutchinson's group went on to develop methods to improve the yield of DXR, from the fermentation process used in its commercial production, not only by introducing Dox A encoding plasmids, but also by introducing mutations to deactivate enzymes that shunt DXR precursors to less useful products, for example baumycin-like glycosides. Some triple mutants, that also over-expressed Dox A, were able to double the yield of DXR. This is of more than academic interest because at that time DXR cost about $1.37 million per kg and current production in 1999 was 225 kg per annum. More efficient production techniques have brought the price down to $1.1 million per kg for the non-liposomal formulation. Although DXR can be produced semi-synthetically from daunorubicin, the process involves electrophilic bromination and multiple steps and the yield is poor. Since daunorubicin is produced by fermentation, it would be ideal if the bacteria could complete DXR synthesis more effectively.