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... regional average for over a 6 year period. In controlling fiscal debt, EAC’s criteria remains open while other initiatives have set limits to debt borrowing and accumulation of about 60 to 70 percent2 (Note 2). In extensiveness of the criteria, EAC is most similar to COMESA. All studies encountered ...
... regional average for over a 6 year period. In controlling fiscal debt, EAC’s criteria remains open while other initiatives have set limits to debt borrowing and accumulation of about 60 to 70 percent2 (Note 2). In extensiveness of the criteria, EAC is most similar to COMESA. All studies encountered ...
A GIS of Ethnicity in the Former Soviet Union
... • OECD’s brain drain database now includes more ECA countries • Globally, emigration rate of tertiary-educated is 5.4 percent • ECA countries follow pattern of smaller and poorer countries having the largest percent of highly-skilled persons emigrate (except Kazakhstan) • Globally, 21 percent of mi ...
... • OECD’s brain drain database now includes more ECA countries • Globally, emigration rate of tertiary-educated is 5.4 percent • ECA countries follow pattern of smaller and poorer countries having the largest percent of highly-skilled persons emigrate (except Kazakhstan) • Globally, 21 percent of mi ...
On the Measurement of Product Variety in Trade
... Notice that the output shares in (6), for each country, are measured relative to the common set of goods I. Then the weights in (5) are the logarithmic mean of the shares s ita (I t ) and s itb (I t ) , and sum to unity over the set of goods i ∈ I t .2 The first term on the right of (4) is the price ...
... Notice that the output shares in (6), for each country, are measured relative to the common set of goods I. Then the weights in (5) are the logarithmic mean of the shares s ita (I t ) and s itb (I t ) , and sum to unity over the set of goods i ∈ I t .2 The first term on the right of (4) is the price ...
Economic Growth and Spill-over Effects
... basis from 1995.3 This data limitation has rendered it difficult to assess the effects of spillover on TFP growth with confidence, particularly because the R&D stock and total factor productivity (TFP) have both been increasing over the periods covered by the R&D based studies in almost all countri ...
... basis from 1995.3 This data limitation has rendered it difficult to assess the effects of spillover on TFP growth with confidence, particularly because the R&D stock and total factor productivity (TFP) have both been increasing over the periods covered by the R&D based studies in almost all countri ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES G7 CURRENT ACCOUNT IMBALANCES: SUSTAINABILITY AND ADJUSTMENT
... The eleven papers written for the project fall into three broad categories and are thus arranged in the volume in three sections. Section One: Origins of G7 Current Account Imbalances; Section Two: Empirical Studies of G7 Current Account and Exchange Rate Adjustment; and Section Three: Theoretical P ...
... The eleven papers written for the project fall into three broad categories and are thus arranged in the volume in three sections. Section One: Origins of G7 Current Account Imbalances; Section Two: Empirical Studies of G7 Current Account and Exchange Rate Adjustment; and Section Three: Theoretical P ...
Size, Openness, and Macroeconomic Interdependence
... model for N = 1. Novelty comes solely from the country dimension. In our set up, the world consists of N countries indexed by i ∈ {1, 2, ..., N } where country 1 is chosen as a numeraire (without the loss of generality). Each country is populated by three types of agents: population Pi of households ...
... model for N = 1. Novelty comes solely from the country dimension. In our set up, the world consists of N countries indexed by i ∈ {1, 2, ..., N } where country 1 is chosen as a numeraire (without the loss of generality). Each country is populated by three types of agents: population Pi of households ...
PPP Estimates: Applications by the International
... (SDRs),8 but also largely determines its voting power in IMF decisions. On April 28, 2008, a largescale quota and voice reform was adopted by the Board of Governors of the IMF. Its aim was to make quotas more responsive to economic realities by increasing the representation of members, many of which ...
... (SDRs),8 but also largely determines its voting power in IMF decisions. On April 28, 2008, a largescale quota and voice reform was adopted by the Board of Governors of the IMF. Its aim was to make quotas more responsive to economic realities by increasing the representation of members, many of which ...
Annex: Targets
... global partnership to provide [adequate, timely and predictable] resources for the implementation of the goals of this ‘Framework’ by developing country members. Option 1 quat. (Switzerland): Make disaster risk reduction a strategic objective in international cooperation and partnership. Option 1 qu ...
... global partnership to provide [adequate, timely and predictable] resources for the implementation of the goals of this ‘Framework’ by developing country members. Option 1 quat. (Switzerland): Make disaster risk reduction a strategic objective in international cooperation and partnership. Option 1 qu ...
The German economy in the international division of
... The German economy in the international division of labour: a look at value added flows The German economy has continued to open up over the past 20 years in the wake of advancing globalisation. German enterprises have used the opportunities that have been presented by central and east European cou ...
... The German economy in the international division of labour: a look at value added flows The German economy has continued to open up over the past 20 years in the wake of advancing globalisation. German enterprises have used the opportunities that have been presented by central and east European cou ...
... The theme for World TB Day 2014 is “Reach the missed 3 million”. Every year 3 million people who fall ill with TB are ‘missed’ by health systems and do not always get the TB services that they need and deserve. One key element in reaching the unreached is improved access to quality TB diagnostic se ...
The Free Trade Area of the Americas and
... rules, the sensitivity of certain goods". The initiative set the stage for a Joint Communiqué of Heads of State during the Latin American and Caribbean-EU Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1999 in which it was agreed to launch negotiations "aiming at bilateral, gradual, and reciprocal trade liberaliz ...
... rules, the sensitivity of certain goods". The initiative set the stage for a Joint Communiqué of Heads of State during the Latin American and Caribbean-EU Summit in Rio de Janeiro in June 1999 in which it was agreed to launch negotiations "aiming at bilateral, gradual, and reciprocal trade liberaliz ...
The Role of Foreign Technology and Indigenous Innovation in
... Table 1. Export Market Share (percent): R&D-Intensive Industries ...
... Table 1. Export Market Share (percent): R&D-Intensive Industries ...
Correcting External Imbalances in the European Economy
... European Commission, 2012). The immediate crisis effect comprised a domestic demand compression and trade collapsed. In the euro area, current account deficits continued to be financed through the TARGET 2 payment system; thus imports did not have to be reduced radically (Atoyan, 2013). In some non- ...
... European Commission, 2012). The immediate crisis effect comprised a domestic demand compression and trade collapsed. In the euro area, current account deficits continued to be financed through the TARGET 2 payment system; thus imports did not have to be reduced radically (Atoyan, 2013). In some non- ...
ids working paper - Institute of Development Studies
... (GHG) emissions (IEA, 2012). The largest fast-growing countries, such as Brazil, China and India, will cover most of this growth. Curbing GHG emissions in developing countries has therefore become one of the cornerstones of a future international climate change agreement under the United Nations Fra ...
... (GHG) emissions (IEA, 2012). The largest fast-growing countries, such as Brazil, China and India, will cover most of this growth. Curbing GHG emissions in developing countries has therefore become one of the cornerstones of a future international climate change agreement under the United Nations Fra ...
mega and agglomerated regions register high per capita
... growth rate of public expenditure in our first scenario), can be different for each geographical unit and entered as a vector (for example, at regional level, the CAP expenditure) or can be differentiated by regional/country typologies. The use of targets has some theoretical implications. First of ...
... growth rate of public expenditure in our first scenario), can be different for each geographical unit and entered as a vector (for example, at regional level, the CAP expenditure) or can be differentiated by regional/country typologies. The use of targets has some theoretical implications. First of ...
Vaccine-Preventable Disease Control in the Western Pacific Region
... concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. ©WHO 2015. All ...
... concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. ©WHO 2015. All ...
Policy Reforms Affecting Agricultural Incentives
... all farm inputs, call it NRAi. Where there are significant distortions to input costs, their ad valorem equivalent can be accounted for by summing each input’s NRA times its input –output coefficient to obtain the combined NRAi, and adding that to the farm industry’s nominal rate of direct assistanc ...
... all farm inputs, call it NRAi. Where there are significant distortions to input costs, their ad valorem equivalent can be accounted for by summing each input’s NRA times its input –output coefficient to obtain the combined NRAi, and adding that to the farm industry’s nominal rate of direct assistanc ...
Integration of Central and Eastern European Countries: Increasing
... reforms and specific macroeconomic policies followed by CEE countries during the transition period were less decisive for a successful transition than the level of (non-elite) political stability, the quality of institutional framework, the maturity and compatibility of informal institutions and the ...
... reforms and specific macroeconomic policies followed by CEE countries during the transition period were less decisive for a successful transition than the level of (non-elite) political stability, the quality of institutional framework, the maturity and compatibility of informal institutions and the ...
Impact of Globalization on Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries
... technology across international borders. The term became more common in the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions both trade and financial flows. Globalization refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market ...
... technology across international borders. The term became more common in the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that made it easier and quicker to complete international transactions both trade and financial flows. Globalization refers to an extension beyond national borders of the same market ...
Measuring Global Poverty: Why PPP Methods Matter Robert Ackland Steve Dowrick Benoit Freyens
... per capita) are based on the Geary-Khamis (GK) method of constructing “average international prices”. The GDP of each country is evaluated at these fixed prices. This method does succeed in removing the traded-sector bias in exchange rate valuations, yielding real income differentials which are subs ...
... per capita) are based on the Geary-Khamis (GK) method of constructing “average international prices”. The GDP of each country is evaluated at these fixed prices. This method does succeed in removing the traded-sector bias in exchange rate valuations, yielding real income differentials which are subs ...
The European Organization for Nuclear Research
... encountered restraints on the use of its equipment the technology and research could not be used to strengthen the military or economic might of any one member nation (Krige 45). In addition to military and commercial restrictions, the CERN initiative encountered opposition from some European g ...
... encountered restraints on the use of its equipment the technology and research could not be used to strengthen the military or economic might of any one member nation (Krige 45). In addition to military and commercial restrictions, the CERN initiative encountered opposition from some European g ...
2 literature on brain drain - European Congress on Economic Issues
... million students were estimated to graduate from Chinese universities whilst the figures for India were a close replication too. The intrinsic inability of these developing economies in sufficiently remunerating human capital thus causes huge out spurs of skilled labour (Yojana Sharma, 2014). The fo ...
... million students were estimated to graduate from Chinese universities whilst the figures for India were a close replication too. The intrinsic inability of these developing economies in sufficiently remunerating human capital thus causes huge out spurs of skilled labour (Yojana Sharma, 2014). The fo ...
Global Economic Conditions Survey Benchmark Report: Q1 2009
... and especially to China, to lead a global recovery, their export-driven economies are being affected by slowing global trade and businesses there are even less confident than their western counterparts. Finance professionals are not forecasting a quick recovery. Although global economic conditions a ...
... and especially to China, to lead a global recovery, their export-driven economies are being affected by slowing global trade and businesses there are even less confident than their western counterparts. Finance professionals are not forecasting a quick recovery. Although global economic conditions a ...
World Bank Document
... One might have expected that the twentieth century would have been a period in which technology spread across the world—allowing countries to catch up with advanced economies. This might have been achieved through trade and capital flows based upon continued progress in transportation and communicat ...
... One might have expected that the twentieth century would have been a period in which technology spread across the world—allowing countries to catch up with advanced economies. This might have been achieved through trade and capital flows based upon continued progress in transportation and communicat ...
The economic impact of EU-Russia sanctions on
... • Products: Finding new markets is not easy for exporters • Production factors: Vacant resources of affected companies cannot immediately move to other companies or industries Mid-term: Adjustment becomes much easier • Goods: Exporters can partly enter alternative markets • Production factors : Labo ...
... • Products: Finding new markets is not easy for exporters • Production factors: Vacant resources of affected companies cannot immediately move to other companies or industries Mid-term: Adjustment becomes much easier • Goods: Exporters can partly enter alternative markets • Production factors : Labo ...