Specificity of Insertion by the Translocatable Tetracycline Resistance Element Tn10.
... different insertions within a cluster. Different insertions within a cluster usually have the same reversion frequency; however, heterogeneity in reversion frequency has been detected in at least two clusters. For most clusters, the available data are consistent with the simple possibility that all ...
... different insertions within a cluster. Different insertions within a cluster usually have the same reversion frequency; however, heterogeneity in reversion frequency has been detected in at least two clusters. For most clusters, the available data are consistent with the simple possibility that all ...
Analysis and engineering of acetyl
... To optimise a metabolic process sffch as cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis in yeast, ef cient and easy-to-ffse genetic engineering tools are indispensable. A nefl, refiolfftionary tool that has recently become afiailable is the CRISPR/Cas9 system. his system consists of a Cas9 nffclease and a so-called gffideRNA ...
... To optimise a metabolic process sffch as cytosolic acetyl-CoA synthesis in yeast, ef cient and easy-to-ffse genetic engineering tools are indispensable. A nefl, refiolfftionary tool that has recently become afiailable is the CRISPR/Cas9 system. his system consists of a Cas9 nffclease and a so-called gffideRNA ...
Current Trends of Emergence and Spread of Vancomycin
... occasionally via erm(A) or erm(C)(Roberts et al., 1999). Erm (“erythromycin resistance methylases”) confer resistance by modifying nucleotide A2058 of the bacterial 23S rRNA (methylation) leading to resistance to MLSB antibiotics. The resistance phenotype is partly overlapping with the spectrum of n ...
... occasionally via erm(A) or erm(C)(Roberts et al., 1999). Erm (“erythromycin resistance methylases”) confer resistance by modifying nucleotide A2058 of the bacterial 23S rRNA (methylation) leading to resistance to MLSB antibiotics. The resistance phenotype is partly overlapping with the spectrum of n ...
Rhizobium Nodulation Protein NodC Is an Important Determinant of
... the nodC genes of R. meliloti and R. loti by using PCR as shown in Fig. 1. These genes were cloned into the E. coli expression vector pET9a, leading to constructs which are comparable to a previously described plasmid carrying the cloned R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodC (31). These plasmids were int ...
... the nodC genes of R. meliloti and R. loti by using PCR as shown in Fig. 1. These genes were cloned into the E. coli expression vector pET9a, leading to constructs which are comparable to a previously described plasmid carrying the cloned R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodC (31). These plasmids were int ...
Improvement of Aspergillus nidulans penicillin production by
... Aspergillus nidulans is able to synthesize penicillin and serves as a model to study the regulation of its biosynthesis. Only three enzymes are required to form the beta lactam ring tripeptide, which is comprised of L-cysteine, L-valine and L-aminoadipic acid. Whereas two enzymes, AcvA and IpnA loca ...
... Aspergillus nidulans is able to synthesize penicillin and serves as a model to study the regulation of its biosynthesis. Only three enzymes are required to form the beta lactam ring tripeptide, which is comprised of L-cysteine, L-valine and L-aminoadipic acid. Whereas two enzymes, AcvA and IpnA loca ...
A E M , Feb. 2004, p. 999–1007
... Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can be divided into three main types based on the sizes of the monomers incorporated into the polymer. Short-chain-length (SCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C3 to C5, mediumchain-length (MCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C6 to C14, and SCL-MCL PHAs consist of mon ...
... Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can be divided into three main types based on the sizes of the monomers incorporated into the polymer. Short-chain-length (SCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C3 to C5, mediumchain-length (MCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C6 to C14, and SCL-MCL PHAs consist of mon ...
Genetic and biochemical analysis of the adenylyl cyclase of
... Figure 1. Plasmid maps. pPC2 contains the S. pombe adenylyl cyclase gene in the pUC1 18 vector and has been previously described (Young et al., 1989). The positions of sites for Stu (St), Pst I (P), Hpa I (Hp), BamHI (B), EcoRl (R), Nco I (N), Hindlil (H), Sph I (Sp), Sal I (S), Xba I (X), Sma I (Sm ...
... Figure 1. Plasmid maps. pPC2 contains the S. pombe adenylyl cyclase gene in the pUC1 18 vector and has been previously described (Young et al., 1989). The positions of sites for Stu (St), Pst I (P), Hpa I (Hp), BamHI (B), EcoRl (R), Nco I (N), Hindlil (H), Sph I (Sp), Sal I (S), Xba I (X), Sma I (Sm ...
Repression by RAZ of Epstein-Barr virus bZIP transcription factor
... splicing (Fig. la). RAZ is a fusion protein containing the EB1 C-terminal dimerization and DNA-binding domains fused to the N-terminal 86 amino acids of R (Fig. I b). In vitro-translated RAZ does not bind stably to D N A and has been shown to recruit EB1 into RAZ:EB1 heterodimers that are unable to ...
... splicing (Fig. la). RAZ is a fusion protein containing the EB1 C-terminal dimerization and DNA-binding domains fused to the N-terminal 86 amino acids of R (Fig. I b). In vitro-translated RAZ does not bind stably to D N A and has been shown to recruit EB1 into RAZ:EB1 heterodimers that are unable to ...
A Comparative Study on the Recovery of EcoRI Endonuclease from
... Restriction enzymes have extensive applications in recombinant DNA technology. They are used in the preparation of recombinant molecules, and they provide an attractive system for the analysis of sequence specific DNA-protein interactions1 . Escherichia coli RI (EcoRI) endonuclease is a well-known r ...
... Restriction enzymes have extensive applications in recombinant DNA technology. They are used in the preparation of recombinant molecules, and they provide an attractive system for the analysis of sequence specific DNA-protein interactions1 . Escherichia coli RI (EcoRI) endonuclease is a well-known r ...
Are Restriction Enzymes Recognition Sites Underrepresented in the
... cloning where the gene of interest (from a large genome) and the vector (plasmid) are cut with the same restriction enzyme and followed by ligation and then cloning in a bacterial cell to produce more copies of the required gene or the protein product. Gene cloning and protein product production are ...
... cloning where the gene of interest (from a large genome) and the vector (plasmid) are cut with the same restriction enzyme and followed by ligation and then cloning in a bacterial cell to produce more copies of the required gene or the protein product. Gene cloning and protein product production are ...
Single-stranded heteroduplex intermediates in l Red homologous
... occurred when the strand that can prime Okazaki-like synthesis contained both homology regions on the same ssDNA molecule. Furthermore, we show that Red recombination requires replication of the target molecule. Conclusions: Hence we propose a new model for dsDNA recombination, termed ‘beta' recombi ...
... occurred when the strand that can prime Okazaki-like synthesis contained both homology regions on the same ssDNA molecule. Furthermore, we show that Red recombination requires replication of the target molecule. Conclusions: Hence we propose a new model for dsDNA recombination, termed ‘beta' recombi ...
Properties of Mitotic and Meiotic Recombination in the
... chromatid events have the phenotype 5-FOAR HygR GenR CanS. To determine the rates of these events shown in Table 1, for each strain, we allowed cells to form single colonies at 300 C. on rich growth medium (YPD). Each colony was suspended in water, and various dilutions were plated on SD complete, ...
... chromatid events have the phenotype 5-FOAR HygR GenR CanS. To determine the rates of these events shown in Table 1, for each strain, we allowed cells to form single colonies at 300 C. on rich growth medium (YPD). Each colony was suspended in water, and various dilutions were plated on SD complete, ...
SPT4, a gene important for tr
... Tn5 element and in the adjacent SPT4 gene. Self-ligation of the fragment containing YCp50, SPT4, and some Tn5 sequences resulted in pJF91, which contains a deletion of a part of the SPT4 gene, spt4A1. The EcoRI fragment containing spt4A1 was subcloned into the integrating vector pRG331 (generously p ...
... Tn5 element and in the adjacent SPT4 gene. Self-ligation of the fragment containing YCp50, SPT4, and some Tn5 sequences resulted in pJF91, which contains a deletion of a part of the SPT4 gene, spt4A1. The EcoRI fragment containing spt4A1 was subcloned into the integrating vector pRG331 (generously p ...
De novo production of resveratrol from glucose or
... 2015). The preparations range widely in purity; some can contain as low as 50% of the active ingredient. The unpurified knotweed extracts, however, additionally contain emodin which has a laxative effect (Srinivas et al., 2007). Thus, there is market demand for lower cost and high purity resveratrol. ...
... 2015). The preparations range widely in purity; some can contain as low as 50% of the active ingredient. The unpurified knotweed extracts, however, additionally contain emodin which has a laxative effect (Srinivas et al., 2007). Thus, there is market demand for lower cost and high purity resveratrol. ...
Isolation, Characterization and Complementation
... Three mutagenesis techniques and five different parental strains were used to generate a wide range of nitrite reductase deficient mutants. The parents included the nirH mutant LCB197 and two chlorate-resistant mutants, all of which synthesize high activities of NADH-dependent nitrite reductase but ...
... Three mutagenesis techniques and five different parental strains were used to generate a wide range of nitrite reductase deficient mutants. The parents included the nirH mutant LCB197 and two chlorate-resistant mutants, all of which synthesize high activities of NADH-dependent nitrite reductase but ...
Antibiotics
... Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers, failure to take into account the patient's weight and history of prior antibiotic use when prescribing, since both can strongly affect the efficacy of an antibiotic prescription, failure to take the en ...
... Common forms of antibiotic misuse include excessive use of prophylactic antibiotics in travelers, failure to take into account the patient's weight and history of prior antibiotic use when prescribing, since both can strongly affect the efficacy of an antibiotic prescription, failure to take the en ...
Telomere maintenance without telomerase
... recombination can replenish terminal G-rich telomeric tracts that would otherwise shorten in the absence of telomerase, as well as disperse and amplify sub-telomeric repeat elements. Investigation of the genetic requirements for this process have revealed that at least two dierent recombination pat ...
... recombination can replenish terminal G-rich telomeric tracts that would otherwise shorten in the absence of telomerase, as well as disperse and amplify sub-telomeric repeat elements. Investigation of the genetic requirements for this process have revealed that at least two dierent recombination pat ...
Lactococcus lactis as expression host for the biosynthetic
... protein (un)folding. Modern molecular biology techniques allow easy introduction of a Trp codon at a position sensitive to monitor the desired process, while native Trp residues can be replaced by a tyrosine or phenylalanine residue, often without a noticeable effect on protein function. The use of ...
... protein (un)folding. Modern molecular biology techniques allow easy introduction of a Trp codon at a position sensitive to monitor the desired process, while native Trp residues can be replaced by a tyrosine or phenylalanine residue, often without a noticeable effect on protein function. The use of ...
RIVM rapport 601500005 The ecological risks of antibiotic
... and surface waters. The consequences for ecosystems are however difficult to assess, RIVM concluded in a literature review ordered by the Centre for Water Management. RIVM investigated the environmental risks of antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic environments. Resistance genes render bacteria in ...
... and surface waters. The consequences for ecosystems are however difficult to assess, RIVM concluded in a literature review ordered by the Centre for Water Management. RIVM investigated the environmental risks of antibiotic resistance genes in aquatic environments. Resistance genes render bacteria in ...
Novel pathogen-specific primers for the detection of Agrobacterium
... crown gall (BURR et al. 1998). Besides A. vitis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens may also occur on grapevines as causative agent of crown gall disease (SZEGEDI et al. 2005). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has widely been used to test for the presence of various plant pathogens to select clean plant m ...
... crown gall (BURR et al. 1998). Besides A. vitis, Agrobacterium tumefaciens may also occur on grapevines as causative agent of crown gall disease (SZEGEDI et al. 2005). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has widely been used to test for the presence of various plant pathogens to select clean plant m ...
OLSON LAB PROTOCOL: Agarose Gel Electrophoresis using GelRed
... • Larger fragments move more slowly through the agarose gel matrix than small fragments and hence the fragments are size fractionated • The resolution of separation depends on the type and concentration of gel and the length of the run: ‚mini‘ gels are fairly low resolution and typically used for se ...
... • Larger fragments move more slowly through the agarose gel matrix than small fragments and hence the fragments are size fractionated • The resolution of separation depends on the type and concentration of gel and the length of the run: ‚mini‘ gels are fairly low resolution and typically used for se ...
Directionality in FLP Protein-promoted Site
... sites of all systems studied to datecontain elements of asym- Dideoxy I n Vitro FLP Reactions-Reactions were carried out essentially as metry which define orientation. Reactions between two sites described previously (4).Reactions (20 pl) contained 25 mM Trison the same DNA molecule alwaysresult in ...
... sites of all systems studied to datecontain elements of asym- Dideoxy I n Vitro FLP Reactions-Reactions were carried out essentially as metry which define orientation. Reactions between two sites described previously (4).Reactions (20 pl) contained 25 mM Trison the same DNA molecule alwaysresult in ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... which contains a promoterless lacZ gene downstream of a multicloning site, was used to create a dnaK::lacZ transcriptional fusion. The region upstream of dnaK was amplified from PCL1445 by PCR using primer oMP870 (5⬘ TCAAGCGCT ACAACCTCGAGG 3⬘) and primer oMP871 (5⬘ GCATGCCATGTTAACTCT CCCGAAAC 3⬘) in ...
... which contains a promoterless lacZ gene downstream of a multicloning site, was used to create a dnaK::lacZ transcriptional fusion. The region upstream of dnaK was amplified from PCL1445 by PCR using primer oMP870 (5⬘ TCAAGCGCT ACAACCTCGAGG 3⬘) and primer oMP871 (5⬘ GCATGCCATGTTAACTCT CCCGAAAC 3⬘) in ...
docx Helicobacter Infection
... pylori have been successfully sequenced. Strain “26695” was found to have 1.7 million base pairs. An analysis of transcription at the nucleotide resolutions has confirmed the acid induction of urease. The molecular masses of H. pylori outer membrane proteins are approximately 80kDa.HspB and Urease h ...
... pylori have been successfully sequenced. Strain “26695” was found to have 1.7 million base pairs. An analysis of transcription at the nucleotide resolutions has confirmed the acid induction of urease. The molecular masses of H. pylori outer membrane proteins are approximately 80kDa.HspB and Urease h ...
Strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Other
... The presence of smooth LPS modifies the genetic properties of LT2 for transduction, conjugation, and transformation. The strains most commonly used in genetic analysis of E. coli are K-12 and B; both are rough mutants lacking the O (somatic) side chain of the LPS (55, 63). However, S. typhimurium LT ...
... The presence of smooth LPS modifies the genetic properties of LT2 for transduction, conjugation, and transformation. The strains most commonly used in genetic analysis of E. coli are K-12 and B; both are rough mutants lacking the O (somatic) side chain of the LPS (55, 63). However, S. typhimurium LT ...
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found in bacteria as small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism, for example antibiotic resistance. While the chromosomes are big and contain all the essential information for living, plasmids usually are very small and contain only additional information. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms.Plasmids are considered replicons, a unit of DNA capable of replicating autonomously within a suitable host. However, plasmids, like viruses, are not generally classified as life. Plasmids can be transmitted from one bacterium to another (even of another species) via three main mechanisms: transformation, transduction, and conjugation. This host-to-host transfer of genetic material is called horizontal gene transfer, and plasmids can be considered part of the mobilome. Unlike viruses (which encase their genetic material in a protective protein coat called a capsid), plasmids are ""naked"" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host. However, some classes of plasmids encode the conjugative ""sex"" pilus necessary for their own transfer. The size of the plasmid varies from 1 to over 200 kbp, and the number of identical plasmids in a single cell can range anywhere from one to thousands under some circumstances.The relationship between microbes and plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor mutualistic, because each implies the presence of an independent species living in a detrimental or commensal state with the host organism. Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and typically provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state. Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances, or allow the organism to utilize particular organic compounds that would be advantageous when nutrients are scarce.