Atrophic rhinitis of swine
... with flexible shafts should be used; sample collection in young pigs is facilitated by the use of minitipped swabs. A single swab is used to sample both sides of the nasal cavity and should then be placed in a non-nutritive transport medium (e.g. phosphate buffered saline) and kept at 4–8C during t ...
... with flexible shafts should be used; sample collection in young pigs is facilitated by the use of minitipped swabs. A single swab is used to sample both sides of the nasal cavity and should then be placed in a non-nutritive transport medium (e.g. phosphate buffered saline) and kept at 4–8C during t ...
Veterinary Medicines Guidance Note 3
... category of veterinary medicine and the animal does not have to be seen by the ...
... category of veterinary medicine and the animal does not have to be seen by the ...
Dialogue for the introduction to Acupuncture PowerPoint
... special effects related to the whole body. The other three Channels are the Triple Heater, Governing Vessel and Conception Vessel which affect many different organ systems. Although there are 361 total acupoints on these Channels, a little less than half of them are commonly used to treat diseases i ...
... special effects related to the whole body. The other three Channels are the Triple Heater, Governing Vessel and Conception Vessel which affect many different organ systems. Although there are 361 total acupoints on these Channels, a little less than half of them are commonly used to treat diseases i ...
Tackling antibiotic resistance from a food safety
... and animals, and infections that normally respond to antibiotic treatment can become difficult and sometimes impossible to cure. The resulting treatment failures lead to increased disease cases and deaths, a growing challenge to develop new antibiotics and consequently higher costs to society. For e ...
... and animals, and infections that normally respond to antibiotic treatment can become difficult and sometimes impossible to cure. The resulting treatment failures lead to increased disease cases and deaths, a growing challenge to develop new antibiotics and consequently higher costs to society. For e ...
JAVMA Index Volume 235 - American Veterinary Medical Association
... Unwanted horse survey sheds light on issue’s causes, extent, 350 Animal Restraint Halters could control cattle without fences, 1382 Animal Welfare Extensive study to examine egg-laying hen housing, 10 ...
... Unwanted horse survey sheds light on issue’s causes, extent, 350 Animal Restraint Halters could control cattle without fences, 1382 Animal Welfare Extensive study to examine egg-laying hen housing, 10 ...
Canine and feline viral dermatoses with a particular emphasis to
... have been previously affected by the condition or in contact with the virus. Aims and scope of the thesis: As mentioned above, viral dermatoses are rarely reported in domestic carnivores [3, 22]. The aim of this thesis was to report some unusual aspects of viral infections of the skin of domestic ca ...
... have been previously affected by the condition or in contact with the virus. Aims and scope of the thesis: As mentioned above, viral dermatoses are rarely reported in domestic carnivores [3, 22]. The aim of this thesis was to report some unusual aspects of viral infections of the skin of domestic ca ...
Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei
... Caledonia,22 but the extent of endemicity in the Pacific islands remains to be defined. Cases of melioidosis are increasingly being documented from outside the classic endemic region of Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Indian subcontinent, and China. These include sporadic human or animal cases or e ...
... Caledonia,22 but the extent of endemicity in the Pacific islands remains to be defined. Cases of melioidosis are increasingly being documented from outside the classic endemic region of Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Indian subcontinent, and China. These include sporadic human or animal cases or e ...
pdf - University Of Nigeria Nsukka
... production. The need to increase production and meet the demand for poultry meat has necessitated the use of veterinary drugs, especially antimicrobials, for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion purposes in poultry farming. These drugs tend to accumulate in tissues and organs as residues. ...
... production. The need to increase production and meet the demand for poultry meat has necessitated the use of veterinary drugs, especially antimicrobials, for therapeutic, prophylactic and growth promotion purposes in poultry farming. These drugs tend to accumulate in tissues and organs as residues. ...
Molecular Methods in Milk Quality
... pathogens (Swaminathan et al., 2001). PFGE subtyping shows a high level of discrimination for many foodborne bacterial pathogens and thus is often considered the current gold standard for discriminatory ability. It is important to realize, however, that PFGE (as well as other subtyping methods) may ...
... pathogens (Swaminathan et al., 2001). PFGE subtyping shows a high level of discrimination for many foodborne bacterial pathogens and thus is often considered the current gold standard for discriminatory ability. It is important to realize, however, that PFGE (as well as other subtyping methods) may ...
Morphology of retinal vessels in the optic disk in a Gttingen minipig
... streaked pattern (Area centralis striaeformis) with a length of 25–30 mm and an absence of larger caliber retinal vessels. It spreads through the meridian from the temporal area to the nasal area and is only interrupted by the upper retinal arteriole and venule. There are numerous cones and a group ...
... streaked pattern (Area centralis striaeformis) with a length of 25–30 mm and an absence of larger caliber retinal vessels. It spreads through the meridian from the temporal area to the nasal area and is only interrupted by the upper retinal arteriole and venule. There are numerous cones and a group ...
Persistence of Disease Agents in Carcases / Animal
... agents in carcases and animal products. In particular, there very few primary studies on the inactivation of agents in disposal methods other than leaving in situ, incineration and burial. A number of the experts contacted commented on the paucity of information available. Reasons for this lack of i ...
... agents in carcases and animal products. In particular, there very few primary studies on the inactivation of agents in disposal methods other than leaving in situ, incineration and burial. A number of the experts contacted commented on the paucity of information available. Reasons for this lack of i ...
In vivo and in vitro diagnosis of
... The three basic purposes of diagnostic tests are infection discovery, confirmation and exclusion ( 4 0 ) . Discovery tests are used for screening apparently healthy livestock populations to detect M. bovis-infected animals. A high sensitivity is desired in such assays and modest false-positive rates ...
... The three basic purposes of diagnostic tests are infection discovery, confirmation and exclusion ( 4 0 ) . Discovery tests are used for screening apparently healthy livestock populations to detect M. bovis-infected animals. A high sensitivity is desired in such assays and modest false-positive rates ...
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
... diffusion method is cost-effective, easy to perform on small or large numbers of isolates, and does not require expensive equipment. The broth dilution method is based on serial dilutions of an antimicrobial agent in tubes, or microtitre plates, to which a standard concentration of the test bacteriu ...
... diffusion method is cost-effective, easy to perform on small or large numbers of isolates, and does not require expensive equipment. The broth dilution method is based on serial dilutions of an antimicrobial agent in tubes, or microtitre plates, to which a standard concentration of the test bacteriu ...
Fasciolosis
Fasciolosis (also known as fascioliasis, fasciolasis, distomatosis and liver rot) is a parasitic worm infection caused by the common liver fluke Fasciola hepatica as well as by Fasciola gigantica. The disease is a plant-borne trematode zoonosis, and is classified as a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It affects humans, but its main host is ruminants such as cattle and sheep. The disease progresses through four distinct phases; an initial incubation phase of between a few days up to three months with little or no symptoms; an invasive or acute phase which may manifest with: fever, malaise, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, anemia, jaundice, and respiratory symptoms. The disease later progresses to a latent phase with less symptoms and ultimately into a chronic or obstructive phase months to years later. In the chronic state the disease causes inflammation of the bile ducts, gall bladder and may cause gall stones as well as fibrosis. While chronic inflammation is connected to increased cancer rates it is unclear whether fasciolosis is associated with increased cancer risk.Up to half of those infected display no symptoms, and diagnosis is difficult because eggs are often missed in fecal examination. The methods of detection are through fecal examination, parasite-specific antibody detection, radiological diagnosis as well as laparotomy. In case of a suspected outbreak it may be useful to keep track of dietary history, which is also useful for exclusion of differential diagnoses. Fecal examination is generally not helpful because eggs can seldom be detected in the chronic phase of the infection and detection of eggs. Eggs appear in the feces first between 9–11 weeks post-infection. The cause of this is unknown, and the it is also difficult to distinguish between the different species of fasciola as well distinguishing them from Echinostomes and Fasciolopsis. Most immunodiagnostic tests detect infection with very high sensitivity and as concentration drops after treatment it is a very good diagnostic method. Clinically it is not possible to differentiate from other liver and bile diseases. Radiological methods can detect lesions in both acute and chronic infection, while laparotomy will detect lesions and also occasionally eggs and live worms.Because of the size of the parasite (adult F. hepatica: 20–30 × 13 mm, adult F. gigantica: 25–75×12 mm) fasciolosis is a big concern. The amount of symptoms depend on how many worms and what stage the infection is in. The death rate is significant in both sheep and cattle, but generally low among humans. Treatment with triclabendazole is highly effective against the adult worms as well as various developing stages. Praziquantel is not effective, and older drugs such as bithionol are moderately effective but also cause more side effects. Secondary bacterial infection causing cholangitis is also a concern and can be treated with antibiotics, and toxaemia may be treated with prednisolone.Humans are infected by eating watergrown plants, primarily wild grown watercress in Europe and morning glory in Asia. Infection may also occur by drinking contaminated water with floating young fasciola or when using utensils washed with contaminated water. Cultivated plants do not spread the disease in the same capacity. Human infection is rare even if the infection rate is high among animals. Especially high rates of human infection have been found in Bolivia, Peru and Egypt, and this may be due to consumption of certain foods. No vaccine is available to protect people against Fasciola infection. Preventative measures are primarily treating and immunization the livestock – which are required for the live cycle of the worms. Veterinary vaccines are in development and their use is being considered by a number of countries on account of the risk to human health and economic losses resulting from livestock infection. Other methods include using molluscicides to decrease the amount of snails that act as vectors, but it is not practical. Educational methods to decrease consumption of wild watercress and other waterplants has been shown to work in areas with a high disease burden. In some areas of the world where fascioliasis is found (endemic), special control programs are in place or are planned. The types of control measures depend on the setting (such as epidemiologic, ecologic, and cultural factors). Strict control of the growth and sale of watercress and other edible water plants is important.Individual people can protect themselves by not eating raw watercress and other water plants, especially from endemic grazing areas. Travelers to areas with poor sanitation should avoid food and water that might be contaminated (tainted). Vegetables grown in fields that might have been irrigated with polluted water should be thoroughly cooked, as should viscera from potentially infected animals. Fascioliasis occurs in Europe, Africa, the Americas as well as Oceania. Recently, worldwide losses in animal productivity due to fasciolosis were conservatively estimated at over US$3.2 billion per annum. Fasciolosis is now recognized as an emerging human disease: the World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that 2.4 million people are infected with Fasciola, and a further 180 million are at risk of infection.