Butterflies - Oxford 1st Grade
... of a caterpillar is the eggshell. Even though caterpillars may look quite different they all share one important feature: the ability to molt. Both the head of a caterpillar and its skin are made of elastic chitin and contains stretch receptors. If the skin is maximally stretched, these receptors su ...
... of a caterpillar is the eggshell. Even though caterpillars may look quite different they all share one important feature: the ability to molt. Both the head of a caterpillar and its skin are made of elastic chitin and contains stretch receptors. If the skin is maximally stretched, these receptors su ...
View Chapter 11. Strategy for Stabilization of the OIP Target Plant Taxa
... 8. Persistence of the seed bank This factor does not warrant increasing the population target, but suggests that surveys of historical occurrences should be conducted to check for regeneration from the seed bank, even years after the last observation of mature individuals at the site. A persistent s ...
... 8. Persistence of the seed bank This factor does not warrant increasing the population target, but suggests that surveys of historical occurrences should be conducted to check for regeneration from the seed bank, even years after the last observation of mature individuals at the site. A persistent s ...
Ecological enhancement of an aphid parasitoid
... Insects have become increasingly resistant to chemical control methods, while at the same time public awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides has increased. The search for more environmentally ‘friendly’ means of pest suppression is gaining momentum and biological control (the use o ...
... Insects have become increasingly resistant to chemical control methods, while at the same time public awareness of the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides has increased. The search for more environmentally ‘friendly’ means of pest suppression is gaining momentum and biological control (the use o ...
HOW TO BE A FIG - University of Pennsylvania
... Daniel H. Janzen Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ...
... Daniel H. Janzen Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ...
1 FAOyieke
... Have you ever thought about why we name things at all? If you have you probably realized, names are very important for identifying things, especially when communicating with other people. However not everybody uses the same name for the same animal. For instance “Rwagi”,”mbuu” and “Suna” are all dif ...
... Have you ever thought about why we name things at all? If you have you probably realized, names are very important for identifying things, especially when communicating with other people. However not everybody uses the same name for the same animal. For instance “Rwagi”,”mbuu” and “Suna” are all dif ...
Stay below water! - A Strategy to avoid Seed Predators
... Aguajales. Aguajales are estimated to cover 6 to 8 million hectares in the Peruvian Amazon (Ruiz 1991, cited by Carrera 2000). The density of individuals in these palm swamps is generally high with 130-250 adult plants per ha (Kahn 1991). However, the density may vary between sites with different fl ...
... Aguajales. Aguajales are estimated to cover 6 to 8 million hectares in the Peruvian Amazon (Ruiz 1991, cited by Carrera 2000). The density of individuals in these palm swamps is generally high with 130-250 adult plants per ha (Kahn 1991). However, the density may vary between sites with different fl ...
special feature - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
... across a diversity of taxa occupying a wide array of habitats. Because omnivory has important consequences for broad areas of theoretical and applied ecology, it is essential to understand those factors that favor its occurrence. Here we address the limiting role of nitrogen in promoting omnivory, n ...
... across a diversity of taxa occupying a wide array of habitats. Because omnivory has important consequences for broad areas of theoretical and applied ecology, it is essential to understand those factors that favor its occurrence. Here we address the limiting role of nitrogen in promoting omnivory, n ...
Potential for Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control:
... control of pests in agroecosystems. Pest managers strive to achieve a trophic cascade whereby natural-enemy effects permeate down through the food web to suppress host herbivores and increase crop production. Although trophic cascades have been studied in diverse aboveground arthropod-based systems, ...
... control of pests in agroecosystems. Pest managers strive to achieve a trophic cascade whereby natural-enemy effects permeate down through the food web to suppress host herbivores and increase crop production. Although trophic cascades have been studied in diverse aboveground arthropod-based systems, ...
- Wiley Online Library
... be restricted to organisms formed by cross-fertilization between individuals of different species. Alternatively, hybrids can be defined more broadly as the offspring between individuals from populations ‘ which are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable characters ’ (Harrison, 1990). ...
... be restricted to organisms formed by cross-fertilization between individuals of different species. Alternatively, hybrids can be defined more broadly as the offspring between individuals from populations ‘ which are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable characters ’ (Harrison, 1990). ...
Bats and insect pest control: a review
... Most of the studies on bats as biological pesticides refer to North America (Whitaker 1995, Cleveland et al. 2006, Federico et al. 2008, Boyles et al. 2011, Boyles et al. 2013). Foraging strategies and diet of many species of European bats are relatively well-known (Beck 1995, Vaughan 1997, Dietz et ...
... Most of the studies on bats as biological pesticides refer to North America (Whitaker 1995, Cleveland et al. 2006, Federico et al. 2008, Boyles et al. 2011, Boyles et al. 2013). Foraging strategies and diet of many species of European bats are relatively well-known (Beck 1995, Vaughan 1997, Dietz et ...
How trophic interaction strength depends on traits
... a unit, the unit is removed by division with a normalizing constant before taking the logarithm.) Working on a logarithmic scale is facilitated by the technical assumption that there is at least the tiniest probability for any consumer species to eat individuals of any other species, including its o ...
... a unit, the unit is removed by division with a normalizing constant before taking the logarithm.) Working on a logarithmic scale is facilitated by the technical assumption that there is at least the tiniest probability for any consumer species to eat individuals of any other species, including its o ...
Diversity and coevolutionary dynamics in high
... One of the fundamental problems in evolutionary biology is to understand how microevolutionary processes generate macroevolutionary patterns. In particular, the emergence of macroevolutionary changes in the speed of evolution (Gould and Eldredge, 1977, Simpson, 1944), and of macroevolutionary change ...
... One of the fundamental problems in evolutionary biology is to understand how microevolutionary processes generate macroevolutionary patterns. In particular, the emergence of macroevolutionary changes in the speed of evolution (Gould and Eldredge, 1977, Simpson, 1944), and of macroevolutionary change ...
130
... These populations and a few plants scattered at higher elevation are the only occurrences of the species within HAVO. Both populations were monitored for 3.5 years by counting tagged individuals, measuring height and width, and recording phenology and vigor. The population in Kipuka Kulalio original ...
... These populations and a few plants scattered at higher elevation are the only occurrences of the species within HAVO. Both populations were monitored for 3.5 years by counting tagged individuals, measuring height and width, and recording phenology and vigor. The population in Kipuka Kulalio original ...
Download Tech Report #129. Smith, C. W., J. Denslow, and S. Hight. Sept. 2002. Proceedings of a workshop on biological control of invasive plants in native Hawaiian ecosystems
... funding; however, few funds are currently available to ensure such future success. The best near-term solution would be to reallocate current resources to increase the likelihood of success for key projects. Fewer, better-funded projects more hkely would generate such successes. However, this would ...
... funding; however, few funds are currently available to ensure such future success. The best near-term solution would be to reallocate current resources to increase the likelihood of success for key projects. Fewer, better-funded projects more hkely would generate such successes. However, this would ...
i THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIES’ GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE LIMITS:
... ecological conditions overwhelm adaptation and populations are no longer selfsustaining. It is generally expected that population abundance and fitness decline towards range margins across a gradient of declining habitat quality. Current evolutionary and theoretical explanations of range limits pred ...
... ecological conditions overwhelm adaptation and populations are no longer selfsustaining. It is generally expected that population abundance and fitness decline towards range margins across a gradient of declining habitat quality. Current evolutionary and theoretical explanations of range limits pred ...
Epizoic Bryozoans on Predatory Pycnogonids from the South
... Bryozoans are typically poor space competitors (Soule and Soule 1977), but some bryozoans escape from competition for substratum space by erect growth (McKinney and Jackson 1989). However, many bryozoans are extremely effective at rapid colonization of young surfaces including the external surfaces ...
... Bryozoans are typically poor space competitors (Soule and Soule 1977), but some bryozoans escape from competition for substratum space by erect growth (McKinney and Jackson 1989). However, many bryozoans are extremely effective at rapid colonization of young surfaces including the external surfaces ...
Generalist Predators, Food Web Complexities and
... induced (Agrawal et al., 1999). Moreover, they performed worse on eggs of spider mites from induced plants than on eggs from spider mites on non-induced plants (Agrawal & Klein, 2000). In conclusion, plant-mediated interactions among pest species are probably a common phenomenon in greenhouse crops, ...
... induced (Agrawal et al., 1999). Moreover, they performed worse on eggs of spider mites from induced plants than on eggs from spider mites on non-induced plants (Agrawal & Klein, 2000). In conclusion, plant-mediated interactions among pest species are probably a common phenomenon in greenhouse crops, ...
tree squirrels - Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
... Native tree squirrel species are territorial and will defend areas that average five acres or more. As they do not hibernate during the winter, they forage year-round. To ensure there is enough food, they make caches of nuts and grains, burying them at various sites in their territory. It is estimat ...
... Native tree squirrel species are territorial and will defend areas that average five acres or more. As they do not hibernate during the winter, they forage year-round. To ensure there is enough food, they make caches of nuts and grains, burying them at various sites in their territory. It is estimat ...
Section -B (Short Answer Type) - Name
... Metallic color is not due to the pigment but because of interference of light rays that penetrate thin layer of exocuticle. Red color of Chironomous larva is due to presence of haemoglobin in haemolymph. 1.5.3 Special structures of integument Integuments shows some of the processes that may be e ...
... Metallic color is not due to the pigment but because of interference of light rays that penetrate thin layer of exocuticle. Red color of Chironomous larva is due to presence of haemoglobin in haemolymph. 1.5.3 Special structures of integument Integuments shows some of the processes that may be e ...
Impacts and Management of the Alien Eastern Gray Squirrel in Great
... see-saw floor before reaching the food container. However, the effectiveness of supplementary food still has to be proven. The efficiency of the supplementary food hopper in keeping out gray squirrels is uncertain, and hoppers could provide foci for the spread of disease. Moreover, the benefits of e ...
... see-saw floor before reaching the food container. However, the effectiveness of supplementary food still has to be proven. The efficiency of the supplementary food hopper in keeping out gray squirrels is uncertain, and hoppers could provide foci for the spread of disease. Moreover, the benefits of e ...
Specious Speciation: Response to Talk Origins Speciation FAQ
... small-scale changes compared to the “parent species”—the greatest of which is color changes of the kind well known within plants. Since hybrids are “extremely sterile,” it does not seem that speciation has occurred. Two highly similar species of flowering plants within the same genus were crossed in ...
... small-scale changes compared to the “parent species”—the greatest of which is color changes of the kind well known within plants. Since hybrids are “extremely sterile,” it does not seem that speciation has occurred. Two highly similar species of flowering plants within the same genus were crossed in ...
Rotifers: Exquisite Metazoans1 - Integrative and Comparative Biology
... called illoricate. Although the ICL has little taxonomic significance, it is synapomorphic with phylum Acanthocephala, indicating a close phylogenetic relationship. Challenges—Rotifers appear to be very different from acanthocephalans. What is the phylogenetic relationship between these taxa? (See a ...
... called illoricate. Although the ICL has little taxonomic significance, it is synapomorphic with phylum Acanthocephala, indicating a close phylogenetic relationship. Challenges—Rotifers appear to be very different from acanthocephalans. What is the phylogenetic relationship between these taxa? (See a ...
9 Generalist Predators, Food Web Complexities and Biological Pest
... induced (Agrawal et al., 1999). Moreover, they performed worse on eggs of spider mites from induced plants than on eggs from spider mites on non-induced plants (Agrawal & Klein, 2000). In conclusion, plant-mediated interactions among pest species are probably a common phenomenon in greenhouse crops, ...
... induced (Agrawal et al., 1999). Moreover, they performed worse on eggs of spider mites from induced plants than on eggs from spider mites on non-induced plants (Agrawal & Klein, 2000). In conclusion, plant-mediated interactions among pest species are probably a common phenomenon in greenhouse crops, ...
Interactions between extrafloral nectaries, aphids and ants: are there
... sticks during 10 min) because we hypothesized that ants would respond much more selectively to differences in resource quality if their carbohydrate demand was low (Fischer et al. 2001). All experiments were carried out in a greenhouse at 22±1°C, 75% RH, 8,000–10,000 lx and 16:8 h light:dark. The fi ...
... sticks during 10 min) because we hypothesized that ants would respond much more selectively to differences in resource quality if their carbohydrate demand was low (Fischer et al. 2001). All experiments were carried out in a greenhouse at 22±1°C, 75% RH, 8,000–10,000 lx and 16:8 h light:dark. The fi ...
Ethology 119(4)
... cases of real mimicry may escape our attention from the same reason (‘hidden’ mimicry). Surprisingly, the same mimetic phenotype may show completely different effects on selective agents under different ecological circumstances. Finally, relatively dissimilar species may be more mimetic than highly ...
... cases of real mimicry may escape our attention from the same reason (‘hidden’ mimicry). Surprisingly, the same mimetic phenotype may show completely different effects on selective agents under different ecological circumstances. Finally, relatively dissimilar species may be more mimetic than highly ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.