What is the evidence for the effectiveness of
... be considered. The range of reported incidence of anti-HCV seroconversion is from 11 to 29 per 100 person-years (14-19). Independent risk factors for HCV seroconversion include a history of imprisonment, a history of needle or other paraphernalia sharing and polydrug use, in particular using heroin ...
... be considered. The range of reported incidence of anti-HCV seroconversion is from 11 to 29 per 100 person-years (14-19). Independent risk factors for HCV seroconversion include a history of imprisonment, a history of needle or other paraphernalia sharing and polydrug use, in particular using heroin ...
Epidemiologic, Virologic, and Host Genetic Factors of Norovirus
... higher than in outbreaks caused by other genotypes; cases and controls shed similar amounts of virus. Forty-seven percent of cases shed virus for ≥21 days. Symptomatic infections with GII.4 Den Haag and GII.4 New Orleans were detected among nonsecretor individuals. Conclusions. Almost half of all sy ...
... higher than in outbreaks caused by other genotypes; cases and controls shed similar amounts of virus. Forty-seven percent of cases shed virus for ≥21 days. Symptomatic infections with GII.4 Den Haag and GII.4 New Orleans were detected among nonsecretor individuals. Conclusions. Almost half of all sy ...
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
... d) FCoV is a large RNA viruses and like other RNA viruses, its replication is error-prone and has a high estimated mutation rates of ≈4 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (Drake, 1993; Licitra et al., 2013 and references therein, Aguas and Ferguson, 2013). FECV is a very common, highly infect ...
... d) FCoV is a large RNA viruses and like other RNA viruses, its replication is error-prone and has a high estimated mutation rates of ≈4 × 10-4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (Drake, 1993; Licitra et al., 2013 and references therein, Aguas and Ferguson, 2013). FECV is a very common, highly infect ...
Genomic and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of infectious bronchitis coronavirus Celia Abolnik
... nucleocapsid protein (N) are encoded by mRNAs 2, 3, 4 and 6, respectively (Casais et al., 2005; Hodgson et al., 2006). Messenger RNA (mRNA) 1 consists of ORF1a and ORF1b, encoding two large polyproteins via a ribosomal frameshift mechanism (Inglis et al., 1990). During or after synthesis, these poly ...
... nucleocapsid protein (N) are encoded by mRNAs 2, 3, 4 and 6, respectively (Casais et al., 2005; Hodgson et al., 2006). Messenger RNA (mRNA) 1 consists of ORF1a and ORF1b, encoding two large polyproteins via a ribosomal frameshift mechanism (Inglis et al., 1990). During or after synthesis, these poly ...
Coronavirus
... Coronaviruses also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious and are a threat to the farming industry. Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, TGE) and bovine co ...
... Coronaviruses also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious and are a threat to the farming industry. Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, TGE) and bovine co ...
In Situ Capture RT-qPCR: A New Simple and Sensitive Method to
... are the most commonly-used methods for detecting HuNoVs (Fisman et al., 2009; Knight et al., 2013). Recently, RT-PCR assays have been largely replaced by the use of one-step RT-qPCR which allows for signal amplification and amplicon confirmation in a single reaction (Knight et al., 2013). RT-PCR has ...
... are the most commonly-used methods for detecting HuNoVs (Fisman et al., 2009; Knight et al., 2013). Recently, RT-PCR assays have been largely replaced by the use of one-step RT-qPCR which allows for signal amplification and amplicon confirmation in a single reaction (Knight et al., 2013). RT-PCR has ...
Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus: Rates, Routes
... atic in 70-80 percent of people with HCV antibody, and more recent estimates indicate that chronic hepatitis occurs in about 70 percent of transfusion acquired hepatitis C infection (11). Long-term consequences of infection are highly variable from patient to patient, and the likelihood of progressi ...
... atic in 70-80 percent of people with HCV antibody, and more recent estimates indicate that chronic hepatitis occurs in about 70 percent of transfusion acquired hepatitis C infection (11). Long-term consequences of infection are highly variable from patient to patient, and the likelihood of progressi ...
Zika virus disease epidemic
... ECDC classifies Zika affected areas as having widespread transmission or sporadic transmission based on cases reported in the past three months: - Widespread transmission: more than 10 locally transmitted cases of Zika virus in one area, OR local transmission of Zika virus in two or more areas, OR Z ...
... ECDC classifies Zika affected areas as having widespread transmission or sporadic transmission based on cases reported in the past three months: - Widespread transmission: more than 10 locally transmitted cases of Zika virus in one area, OR local transmission of Zika virus in two or more areas, OR Z ...
COPD - UniNursety
... conjunctivae of a susceptible person with large-particle droplets containing microorganisms generated by an infected person during coughing, sneezing, or talking. Transmission via largeparticle droplets requires close contact between source and recipient persons because these larger droplets do not ...
... conjunctivae of a susceptible person with large-particle droplets containing microorganisms generated by an infected person during coughing, sneezing, or talking. Transmission via largeparticle droplets requires close contact between source and recipient persons because these larger droplets do not ...
Prevalence and Correlates of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
... Smaller studies have documented the frequency of discontinuing and switching therapy regimens in these cohorts. Saag et al. (9) described the increasing number of unique antiretroviral regimens over time in a group of 120 male patients and showed that the median duration of a specific regimen within ...
... Smaller studies have documented the frequency of discontinuing and switching therapy regimens in these cohorts. Saag et al. (9) described the increasing number of unique antiretroviral regimens over time in a group of 120 male patients and showed that the median duration of a specific regimen within ...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)–Encoded UL144 (Truncated Tumor
... Results. Genotype C was associated with termination of pregnancy (P p .03 ). Genotype B was associated with fewer terminations of pregnancy (P p .003 ). A possible association was found between genotype C and symptomatic disease in newborns (odds ratio, 8.81 [95% confidence interval, 0.48–164.02]; P ...
... Results. Genotype C was associated with termination of pregnancy (P p .03 ). Genotype B was associated with fewer terminations of pregnancy (P p .003 ). A possible association was found between genotype C and symptomatic disease in newborns (odds ratio, 8.81 [95% confidence interval, 0.48–164.02]; P ...
persistence, distribution and immunopathogenesis of infectious
... examined the differential expression of virus-induced innate and proinflamatory cytokines, chemokines and toll like receptors (TLRs) and their adaptor molecules. These findings indicate that cIBDV- and vIBDV-infection mediated the differential induction of iii ...
... examined the differential expression of virus-induced innate and proinflamatory cytokines, chemokines and toll like receptors (TLRs) and their adaptor molecules. These findings indicate that cIBDV- and vIBDV-infection mediated the differential induction of iii ...
HCV in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
... Finally a sub-analysis of the other 88 cohorts that were included in the low risk category, namely samples from the “general population” as well as inpatients and outpatients, not deemed to be a high risk of HCV, showed an overall pooled seroprevalence of 6.9% (95% CI: 6.1-7.7), i.e. higher than the ...
... Finally a sub-analysis of the other 88 cohorts that were included in the low risk category, namely samples from the “general population” as well as inpatients and outpatients, not deemed to be a high risk of HCV, showed an overall pooled seroprevalence of 6.9% (95% CI: 6.1-7.7), i.e. higher than the ...
Viruses in food : scientific advice to support risk management
... point for consideration is that mitigation of one virus would probably help in preventing other viruses, as they often have a common source. In terms of virus detection, there has been much progress in recent years and it can be concluded that well established methods to detect enteric viruses in co ...
... point for consideration is that mitigation of one virus would probably help in preventing other viruses, as they often have a common source. In terms of virus detection, there has been much progress in recent years and it can be concluded that well established methods to detect enteric viruses in co ...
another threat on the
... The first symptomatic case of the Zika fever in a human was recorded in Nigeria in 1954 [18]. Until 2007 only 14 cases of the disease were confirmed worldwide [17]. The first outbreak of the Zika fever occurred in Micronesia (Yap Island) in 2007. During the outbreak Duffy et al. [17] collected blood ...
... The first symptomatic case of the Zika fever in a human was recorded in Nigeria in 1954 [18]. Until 2007 only 14 cases of the disease were confirmed worldwide [17]. The first outbreak of the Zika fever occurred in Micronesia (Yap Island) in 2007. During the outbreak Duffy et al. [17] collected blood ...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)—paradigm of an
... assignment, host species, disease manifestation and availability of a vaccine. There are more than a dozen known coronaviruses affecting different animal species; whereas group I and II coronaviruses affect various mammals, those in group III infect birds. Some of these cause major problems in the l ...
... assignment, host species, disease manifestation and availability of a vaccine. There are more than a dozen known coronaviruses affecting different animal species; whereas group I and II coronaviruses affect various mammals, those in group III infect birds. Some of these cause major problems in the l ...
Hepatitis B Vaccine Virus Escape
... Several specific antibodies can also be detected in both active and chronic HBV infections. The presence of antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) indicates either a past infection with HBV or an individual who has been vaccinated.[11,20] A protective antibody response to vaccine is defined as the presence of ...
... Several specific antibodies can also be detected in both active and chronic HBV infections. The presence of antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) indicates either a past infection with HBV or an individual who has been vaccinated.[11,20] A protective antibody response to vaccine is defined as the presence of ...
Role and Functional Domain of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein in
... nucleic acid introduction. In the in vitro transfection experiments, a relatively large amount of HBV DNA is introduced by transfection, while in vivo experiment, the situation is different. In the present study, analysis with truncated HBx proteins indicated the C-terminal transactivation domain wa ...
... nucleic acid introduction. In the in vitro transfection experiments, a relatively large amount of HBV DNA is introduced by transfection, while in vivo experiment, the situation is different. In the present study, analysis with truncated HBx proteins indicated the C-terminal transactivation domain wa ...
FIP_SAVA2016x
... In cats that develop FIP, a strong humoral response to infection occurs, with inadequate cell-mediated response by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The antibody production is ineffective in clearing the virus and contributes to the immune-mediated disease. The factors responsible for this unsuccessful immun ...
... In cats that develop FIP, a strong humoral response to infection occurs, with inadequate cell-mediated response by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The antibody production is ineffective in clearing the virus and contributes to the immune-mediated disease. The factors responsible for this unsuccessful immun ...
vaccinia virus research safety policy
... APPENDIX I Vaccinia Hazard Information What is Vaccinia? Vaccinia is a complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the live viral component of smallpox vaccine. Inadvertent exposure to VACV can result in infection, and severe complications can occur in person ...
... APPENDIX I Vaccinia Hazard Information What is Vaccinia? Vaccinia is a complex, enveloped virus belonging to the poxvirus family. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the live viral component of smallpox vaccine. Inadvertent exposure to VACV can result in infection, and severe complications can occur in person ...
HIV and AIDS - Public Health Observatory
... North West statutory treatment centres prior to the year 2001) were reported during the year. If new cases from the new part of the region are excluded (eight individuals), this remains the largest number of new cases since regional monitoring of HIV and AIDS began, and represents a 32% increase on ...
... North West statutory treatment centres prior to the year 2001) were reported during the year. If new cases from the new part of the region are excluded (eight individuals), this remains the largest number of new cases since regional monitoring of HIV and AIDS began, and represents a 32% increase on ...
Viral Hepatitis
... A: Hepatitis is a serious and sometimes life-threatening inflammation of the liver. Q: WHAT CAUSES HEPATITIS? A: Viral hepatitis is caused by one of five viruses that have been designated hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. The symptoms are similar for all forms of viral hepatitis but the routes of infectio ...
... A: Hepatitis is a serious and sometimes life-threatening inflammation of the liver. Q: WHAT CAUSES HEPATITIS? A: Viral hepatitis is caused by one of five viruses that have been designated hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. The symptoms are similar for all forms of viral hepatitis but the routes of infectio ...
Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Pigs and Vectors in the Mekong Delta
... Japanese encephalitis virus belongs to the viral family Flaviviridae which consists of three genera; pestiviruses, hepaciviruses and flaviviruses (MacLachlan & Dubovi, 2011; Unni et al., 2011), the latter also called arboviruses group B. 1.1.1 Description of the virus ...
... Japanese encephalitis virus belongs to the viral family Flaviviridae which consists of three genera; pestiviruses, hepaciviruses and flaviviruses (MacLachlan & Dubovi, 2011; Unni et al., 2011), the latter also called arboviruses group B. 1.1.1 Description of the virus ...
Epizootiologic investigations of selected infectious disease
... 1999; Leutenegger et al., 1999a), suggesting that the virus does not represent a major health problem for this species. If intraspecific contacts are rare, an infectious agent can only persist within the population if it causes latent infection, it is nonpathogenic, or the disease development is ver ...
... 1999; Leutenegger et al., 1999a), suggesting that the virus does not represent a major health problem for this species. If intraspecific contacts are rare, an infectious agent can only persist within the population if it causes latent infection, it is nonpathogenic, or the disease development is ver ...
FOMITES IN INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION: A
... transmission, a child’s risk of illness from exposure to a contaminated fomite is modeled. Specifically, the model estimates a child’s exposure to rotavirus using a stochastic-mechanistic framework. Simulations of a child’s contacts with the fomite include intermittent fomite-mouth, hand-mouth, and ...
... transmission, a child’s risk of illness from exposure to a contaminated fomite is modeled. Specifically, the model estimates a child’s exposure to rotavirus using a stochastic-mechanistic framework. Simulations of a child’s contacts with the fomite include intermittent fomite-mouth, hand-mouth, and ...
HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.