Collaborative coupling between polymerase and helicase for
... holoenzyme (Figure 1B). We have studied the activity of four holoenzymes including the wild-type T4 holoenzyme (gp43 polymerase and gp45 trimeric clamp) from polymerase family B; a mutant T4 holoenzyme (gp43exo polymerase and gp45 trimeric clamp), which lacks the exonuclease activity; the wild-type ...
... holoenzyme (Figure 1B). We have studied the activity of four holoenzymes including the wild-type T4 holoenzyme (gp43 polymerase and gp45 trimeric clamp) from polymerase family B; a mutant T4 holoenzyme (gp43exo polymerase and gp45 trimeric clamp), which lacks the exonuclease activity; the wild-type ...
Developmental Validation of the Quantifiler Real-Time
... The hydrolysis of probe molecules occurs in proportion to the amplification of the target sequence, and consequently, so does the resulting fluorescent signal (16,17). Eventually the fluorescent signal accumulates to the point where it can be detected over background fluorescence, and crosses a set ...
... The hydrolysis of probe molecules occurs in proportion to the amplification of the target sequence, and consequently, so does the resulting fluorescent signal (16,17). Eventually the fluorescent signal accumulates to the point where it can be detected over background fluorescence, and crosses a set ...
Illustrating Python via Bioinformatics Examples
... Department of Informatics, University of Oslo ...
... Department of Informatics, University of Oslo ...
Mechanistic Comparison of High-Fidelity and Error
... Watson-Crick and mismatched nucleotide incorporation reactions and (b) measurement of misincorporation frequency when competing nucleotides are simultaneously present.8-10 Note that it has been pointed out that the fidelity as measured by pre-steady-state kinetic analyses is equivalent to the fideli ...
... Watson-Crick and mismatched nucleotide incorporation reactions and (b) measurement of misincorporation frequency when competing nucleotides are simultaneously present.8-10 Note that it has been pointed out that the fidelity as measured by pre-steady-state kinetic analyses is equivalent to the fideli ...
Construction of plant BAC libraries This document
... 5. Place in a 37°C water bath. Remove the tube from the water bath after EXACTLY 10 min and place on ice. ...
... 5. Place in a 37°C water bath. Remove the tube from the water bath after EXACTLY 10 min and place on ice. ...
DNA Base Sequence Homology in Rhizoctonia solani Kuihn: Inter
... (6), indicating genetic homogeneity among isolates within these groups. Hybridization between isolates of different AG was 30% or less (6,15). Ranges of DNA hybridization values varied for different AG, and lower levels of hybridization have confirmed lack of homogeneity among isolates within AG-1, ...
... (6), indicating genetic homogeneity among isolates within these groups. Hybridization between isolates of different AG was 30% or less (6,15). Ranges of DNA hybridization values varied for different AG, and lower levels of hybridization have confirmed lack of homogeneity among isolates within AG-1, ...
CHAPTER 14 DNA applications in society
... Within the secretory granules, the proinsulin is cleaved by an enzyme that removes a segment of 31 amino acids, called the C chain (or C peptide). The remainder forms active insulin molecules, each composed of an A chain and a B chain held together by strong covalent disulfide - S – S - bonds. Activ ...
... Within the secretory granules, the proinsulin is cleaved by an enzyme that removes a segment of 31 amino acids, called the C chain (or C peptide). The remainder forms active insulin molecules, each composed of an A chain and a B chain held together by strong covalent disulfide - S – S - bonds. Activ ...
Crystal structures of -[Ru(phen)2dppz]2+ 1 with oligonucleotides
... Terminal intercalation site G9G10/C1C2. Both these structures contain a second ruthenium cation, Ru1, bound by intercalation from the minor groove at the ends of the decamer duplex (Figure 4). This is a GG/CC site, and has the same geometry in both structures. Notably, only the guanine side of the ...
... Terminal intercalation site G9G10/C1C2. Both these structures contain a second ruthenium cation, Ru1, bound by intercalation from the minor groove at the ends of the decamer duplex (Figure 4). This is a GG/CC site, and has the same geometry in both structures. Notably, only the guanine side of the ...
Molecular events during translocation and proofreading extracted
... discreteness of states is distinct from the behavior of polymerases in family A (26). The swing of the fingers as wide as 35◦ is estimated to have an average angular speed of at least 3500 rpm, given that the enzyme incorporates 300 nt per second (4–6). Such large motion between two discrete states ...
... discreteness of states is distinct from the behavior of polymerases in family A (26). The swing of the fingers as wide as 35◦ is estimated to have an average angular speed of at least 3500 rpm, given that the enzyme incorporates 300 nt per second (4–6). Such large motion between two discrete states ...
Three-dimensional Structures of Bulge
... rest of the nucleotides remain in a normal Watson Crick type double helix. Model building on their part, showed that looping out, of a uridinr rrsidue is readily achieved by rotation about its two adjacent phosphodiester bonds. The only significant altrration to the DNA struct’ure would be a reducti ...
... rest of the nucleotides remain in a normal Watson Crick type double helix. Model building on their part, showed that looping out, of a uridinr rrsidue is readily achieved by rotation about its two adjacent phosphodiester bonds. The only significant altrration to the DNA struct’ure would be a reducti ...
PDF
... Orientation of the field is another possible variable. Horizontal magnets induce horizontal magnetic dipole in the bead (Figure 2A). Such beads follow the magnets as the magnets are rotated. This configuration is required if one is interested in twisting macromolecules. Vertical orientation of the f ...
... Orientation of the field is another possible variable. Horizontal magnets induce horizontal magnetic dipole in the bead (Figure 2A). Such beads follow the magnets as the magnets are rotated. This configuration is required if one is interested in twisting macromolecules. Vertical orientation of the f ...
Physiological characterization of natural transformation in
... monas stutzeri; for a review see Stewart & Carlson, 1986). As more and more details of natural transformation in a number of these bacteria have been elucidated, it is becoming clear that distinct differences exist in this process between these organisms. Wellknown examples are the sequence specific ...
... monas stutzeri; for a review see Stewart & Carlson, 1986). As more and more details of natural transformation in a number of these bacteria have been elucidated, it is becoming clear that distinct differences exist in this process between these organisms. Wellknown examples are the sequence specific ...
Clamp loader structure predicts the architecture of DNA polymerase
... subunits, and one each of δ and δ′, are arranged in a circle (see Figure 3a–d). Each subunit adopts the same chain topology, and folds into three domains. However, the relative orientation of these domains is different for each subunit, especially the degree of twist between domain 3 and domains 1, ...
... subunits, and one each of δ and δ′, are arranged in a circle (see Figure 3a–d). Each subunit adopts the same chain topology, and folds into three domains. However, the relative orientation of these domains is different for each subunit, especially the degree of twist between domain 3 and domains 1, ...
Mutation, Mutagens, and DNA Repair
... Organisms have evolved at least four processes for repairing UV damage in DNA: photoreactivation, excision, error-prone, and recombination repair. Depending on the type of organism and the nature of the UV damage, these processes may successfully repair damage, partially repair the damage and create ...
... Organisms have evolved at least four processes for repairing UV damage in DNA: photoreactivation, excision, error-prone, and recombination repair. Depending on the type of organism and the nature of the UV damage, these processes may successfully repair damage, partially repair the damage and create ...
Electrophoresis Revised
... For the “suspects” we will use two different types of DNA. The students will be given a worksheet and a picture or what the guilty person’s DNA looks like in Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. They will use this picture to match one of the four suspected DNA that they have tested with Agarose Gel Electrop ...
... For the “suspects” we will use two different types of DNA. The students will be given a worksheet and a picture or what the guilty person’s DNA looks like in Agarose Gel Electrophoresis. They will use this picture to match one of the four suspected DNA that they have tested with Agarose Gel Electrop ...
The energetic basis of the DNA double helix: a
... Figure 1 presents DSC recordings of the heat effects observed upon heating and subsequent cooling of the 12CG DNA duplex, demonstrating the excellent reversibility of the temperature induced processes of complementary strand dissociation/association: the excess heats of these two processes appear as ...
... Figure 1 presents DSC recordings of the heat effects observed upon heating and subsequent cooling of the 12CG DNA duplex, demonstrating the excellent reversibility of the temperature induced processes of complementary strand dissociation/association: the excess heats of these two processes appear as ...
Trawling DNA Databases For Partial Matches: What Is The FBI
... WHAT IS THE FBI AFRAID OF? David H. Kaye * DNA evidence is often presented as the “gold standard” for forensic science. But this was not always the case. For years, eminent scientists complained that the estimates of the tiny frequencies of DNA types were unfounded. It took scores of research papers ...
... WHAT IS THE FBI AFRAID OF? David H. Kaye * DNA evidence is often presented as the “gold standard” for forensic science. But this was not always the case. For years, eminent scientists complained that the estimates of the tiny frequencies of DNA types were unfounded. It took scores of research papers ...
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
... addition to this particular methylase, individual bacterial strains also contain accompanying specific endonuclease activity. In late 1960s, Stewart Linn and Werner Arber isolated two types of enzymes responsible for this observed phage restriction phenomenon. Later on, in 1978, Smith, Nathans and ...
... addition to this particular methylase, individual bacterial strains also contain accompanying specific endonuclease activity. In late 1960s, Stewart Linn and Werner Arber isolated two types of enzymes responsible for this observed phage restriction phenomenon. Later on, in 1978, Smith, Nathans and ...
PDF version - EpiGeneSys
... staining or standard phosphorimaging techniques if a radionucleotide has been incorporated into the DNA array prior to the reconstitution. If the reconstitution has been successful, then a clear bandshift in the DNA array should be observed (Figure 1). The retardation in migration rate is a result o ...
... staining or standard phosphorimaging techniques if a radionucleotide has been incorporated into the DNA array prior to the reconstitution. If the reconstitution has been successful, then a clear bandshift in the DNA array should be observed (Figure 1). The retardation in migration rate is a result o ...
Trawling DNA Databases for Partial Matches: What is the FBI Afraid
... WHAT IS THE FBI AFRAID OF? David H. Kaye * DNA evidence is often presented as the "gold standard"for forensic science. But this was not always the case. For years, eminent scientists complained that the estimates of the tiny frequencies of DNA types were unfounded. It took scores of research papers, ...
... WHAT IS THE FBI AFRAID OF? David H. Kaye * DNA evidence is often presented as the "gold standard"for forensic science. But this was not always the case. For years, eminent scientists complained that the estimates of the tiny frequencies of DNA types were unfounded. It took scores of research papers, ...
Diversity of DNA methyltransferases that recognize asymmetric
... (Furmanek-Blaszk et al., 2009). Further, functional analysis showed that the complete MboII R-M system consists of two MTases genes and the R.MboII gene. M1.MboII alone is sufficient to support the growth of E.coli cells carrying the R.MboII gene. However, this could not be demonstrated for M2.MboII ...
... (Furmanek-Blaszk et al., 2009). Further, functional analysis showed that the complete MboII R-M system consists of two MTases genes and the R.MboII gene. M1.MboII alone is sufficient to support the growth of E.coli cells carrying the R.MboII gene. However, this could not be demonstrated for M2.MboII ...
Hypercholesterolemia
... this mutation is referred to as the FH mutation, because it is the mutation that is most closely associated with familial hypercholesterolemia. Whereas diet and exercise play a huge role in regulating cholesterol levels, more invasive interventions such as medications may be needed to keep this gene ...
... this mutation is referred to as the FH mutation, because it is the mutation that is most closely associated with familial hypercholesterolemia. Whereas diet and exercise play a huge role in regulating cholesterol levels, more invasive interventions such as medications may be needed to keep this gene ...
Article PDF
... nucleosomes, joined together by segments of linker DNA. Understanding how the cell successfully compacts meters of highly charged DNA into a micrometer size nucleus while still enabling rapid access to the genetic code for transcriptional processes is a challenging goal. In this work we shed light o ...
... nucleosomes, joined together by segments of linker DNA. Understanding how the cell successfully compacts meters of highly charged DNA into a micrometer size nucleus while still enabling rapid access to the genetic code for transcriptional processes is a challenging goal. In this work we shed light o ...
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.First isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and with its molecular structure first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.The obsolete synonym ""desoxyribonucleic acid"" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.