accepted manuscript
... Five sounds produced by each pipefish were randomly selected for acoustic analysis. Only sounds produced when the fish was positioned in the water column were analyzed. Background noise and artifacts characteristic of small tanks complicate acoustic recordings (Okumura, Akamatsu & Yan, 2002; Yager, ...
... Five sounds produced by each pipefish were randomly selected for acoustic analysis. Only sounds produced when the fish was positioned in the water column were analyzed. Background noise and artifacts characteristic of small tanks complicate acoustic recordings (Okumura, Akamatsu & Yan, 2002; Yager, ...
EcologyCP BIO - Appoquinimink High School
... web. On this paper alone, you will have 3 stamps total. (If you completed all the work in a timely manner yesterday) ...
... web. On this paper alone, you will have 3 stamps total. (If you completed all the work in a timely manner yesterday) ...
How life-history traits affect ecosystem properties: effects of dispersal
... whether environmental variability is spatial and/or temporal (Loreau et al. 2003a, Mouquet and Loreau 2003, see the link between ‘local adaptation’/’insurance’ and ‘characteristics of limiting factors’ in Fig. 1). By contrast, any dispersal flux of living organism eventually fuels the detritus pool ...
... whether environmental variability is spatial and/or temporal (Loreau et al. 2003a, Mouquet and Loreau 2003, see the link between ‘local adaptation’/’insurance’ and ‘characteristics of limiting factors’ in Fig. 1). By contrast, any dispersal flux of living organism eventually fuels the detritus pool ...
amphibian contributions to ecosystem services
... abundant and diverse class of vertebrates, amphibians also play prominent roles in the culture of human societies through pathways such as mythology, literature, and art. Most research on the role of amphibians in ecosystems has been on their contribution to supporting services. This is also the are ...
... abundant and diverse class of vertebrates, amphibians also play prominent roles in the culture of human societies through pathways such as mythology, literature, and art. Most research on the role of amphibians in ecosystems has been on their contribution to supporting services. This is also the are ...
Brood space limitation of reproduction may explain growth after
... second theory is also possible as the volume of the brood chamber may not be sufficient to hold all the eggs that could be produced. To our knowledge, there has only been one previous example of an experimental test of the latter hypothesis (Perrin, 1989). This test revealed that identically sized i ...
... second theory is also possible as the volume of the brood chamber may not be sufficient to hold all the eggs that could be produced. To our knowledge, there has only been one previous example of an experimental test of the latter hypothesis (Perrin, 1989). This test revealed that identically sized i ...
111 - CREAF
... La Roche 2002), values close to N:P Redfield ratios in marine phytoplankton (Ho et al. 2003; Klausmeier et al. 2008) and in inorganic dissolved matter in deep oceans have been observed throughout the world (Hecky et al. 1993). Geochemists use a C:N:P stoichiometry of 106:15:1 based on the co-variati ...
... La Roche 2002), values close to N:P Redfield ratios in marine phytoplankton (Ho et al. 2003; Klausmeier et al. 2008) and in inorganic dissolved matter in deep oceans have been observed throughout the world (Hecky et al. 1993). Geochemists use a C:N:P stoichiometry of 106:15:1 based on the co-variati ...
Predator diversity and identity drive interaction strength and trophic
... Second, additive effects of different predators on a prey species are likely when exploitative competition among predators is weak, because each of them occupies a different niche (Chang 1996, Snyder and Ives 2003) or targets different life history stages of the prey. This is similar to the notion o ...
... Second, additive effects of different predators on a prey species are likely when exploitative competition among predators is weak, because each of them occupies a different niche (Chang 1996, Snyder and Ives 2003) or targets different life history stages of the prey. This is similar to the notion o ...
predator diversity and identity drive interaction strength and trophic
... Second, additive effects of different predators on a prey species are likely when exploitative competition among predators is weak, because each of them occupies a different niche (Chang 1996, Snyder and Ives 2003) or targets different life history stages of the prey. This is similar to the notion o ...
... Second, additive effects of different predators on a prey species are likely when exploitative competition among predators is weak, because each of them occupies a different niche (Chang 1996, Snyder and Ives 2003) or targets different life history stages of the prey. This is similar to the notion o ...
predator diversity and identity drive interaction strength and trophic
... Second, additive effects of different predators on a prey species are likely when exploitative competition among predators is weak, because each of them occupies a different niche (Chang 1996, Snyder and Ives 2003) or targets different life history stages of the prey. This is similar to the notion o ...
... Second, additive effects of different predators on a prey species are likely when exploitative competition among predators is weak, because each of them occupies a different niche (Chang 1996, Snyder and Ives 2003) or targets different life history stages of the prey. This is similar to the notion o ...
PDF
... capabilities, while the lower limits are determined by minimal structural and functional requirements, as well as the affinity for a nutrient. These boundaries within which the organism’s stoichiometry can fluctuate represent the “homeostatic capacity” parameter defined by Meunier et al. (2014). Thi ...
... capabilities, while the lower limits are determined by minimal structural and functional requirements, as well as the affinity for a nutrient. These boundaries within which the organism’s stoichiometry can fluctuate represent the “homeostatic capacity” parameter defined by Meunier et al. (2014). Thi ...
Parasites in Marine Food Webs - Western Washington University
... of some parasites can cause anemia, stunt growth, and impair learning in humans. For macroparasites (i.e., worms that do not multiply within a host), the cost to the host will be related to the number of parasites (and their size), which is a function of exposure rates and defense. For pathogens (in ...
... of some parasites can cause anemia, stunt growth, and impair learning in humans. For macroparasites (i.e., worms that do not multiply within a host), the cost to the host will be related to the number of parasites (and their size), which is a function of exposure rates and defense. For pathogens (in ...
,A STUDY OF A MARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITY WITH SPECIA
... layer because it is an important feeding zone for detritus-eating members of the macrofauna, and a subsidiary problem was the question of the relative importance of detritus and micro-organisms as the actual food supply of the macrofauna. Under the term detritus is included all material of living, o ...
... layer because it is an important feeding zone for detritus-eating members of the macrofauna, and a subsidiary problem was the question of the relative importance of detritus and micro-organisms as the actual food supply of the macrofauna. Under the term detritus is included all material of living, o ...
Trophic polymorphism in a terrestrial salamander John C. Maerz,
... adaptive (Skúlason and Smith, 1995; Smith and Skúlason, 1996). Less appreciated but potentially more common are cases of trophic polymorphism where phenotypes cannot easily be distinguished and show a continuous, unimodal distribution (Wilson, 1998; Svanbäck and Eklöv, 2002). Historically, such vari ...
... adaptive (Skúlason and Smith, 1995; Smith and Skúlason, 1996). Less appreciated but potentially more common are cases of trophic polymorphism where phenotypes cannot easily be distinguished and show a continuous, unimodal distribution (Wilson, 1998; Svanbäck and Eklöv, 2002). Historically, such vari ...
Alternative Stable States Generated by Ontogenetic Niche
... initial conditions (see also a review by [14] for details on densitydependent population regulation in stage-structured models). The existence of ASS has important implications, particularly for ecosystem management, because it suggests that sudden and abrupt shifts in a regional community structure ...
... initial conditions (see also a review by [14] for details on densitydependent population regulation in stage-structured models). The existence of ASS has important implications, particularly for ecosystem management, because it suggests that sudden and abrupt shifts in a regional community structure ...
Ecosystems and Biomes
... In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air. ...
... In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen moves from the air to the soil, into living things, and back into the air. ...
Stable isotope methods in biological and ecological studies of
... to study the biology and ecology of arthropods. It is augmented with literature from other disciplines, indicative of the potential for knowledge transfer. It is demonstrated that stable isotopes can be used to understand fundamental processes in the biology and ecology of arthropods, which range fr ...
... to study the biology and ecology of arthropods. It is augmented with literature from other disciplines, indicative of the potential for knowledge transfer. It is demonstrated that stable isotopes can be used to understand fundamental processes in the biology and ecology of arthropods, which range fr ...
Coexistence of two stage-structured intraguild predators
... Woodward and Hildrew, 2002 assessed the importance of body size in relation to intraguild predation and niche overlap between predators in the food web of Broadstone Stream (UK) and found that mutual predation between intraguild predators was frequent. Decapods, for instance, appear capable of preyi ...
... Woodward and Hildrew, 2002 assessed the importance of body size in relation to intraguild predation and niche overlap between predators in the food web of Broadstone Stream (UK) and found that mutual predation between intraguild predators was frequent. Decapods, for instance, appear capable of preyi ...
REVIEW Predation on Protozoa: its importance to
... twice the clearance rate for small (4-12 |xm) diatoms. In recent years, there have been a number of experimental studies of predation by copepods on Protozoa. In laboratory experiments, the estuarine copepod, Acartia tonsa, had comparable clearance rates for heterotrophic and autotrophic nanoflagell ...
... twice the clearance rate for small (4-12 |xm) diatoms. In recent years, there have been a number of experimental studies of predation by copepods on Protozoa. In laboratory experiments, the estuarine copepod, Acartia tonsa, had comparable clearance rates for heterotrophic and autotrophic nanoflagell ...
WINTER BROWSING BY MOOSE AND HARES IN SUBARCTIC
... For foraging herbivores, food quantity and quality determine the choice of foraging area, the time the animal stays within the area and the rate of forage intake (Brown 1988; Searle et al. 2005; Ungar & Noy-Meir 1988). During winter, browsers in boreal environments are mainly restricted to a diet of ...
... For foraging herbivores, food quantity and quality determine the choice of foraging area, the time the animal stays within the area and the rate of forage intake (Brown 1988; Searle et al. 2005; Ungar & Noy-Meir 1988). During winter, browsers in boreal environments are mainly restricted to a diet of ...
Compare and contrast the major types of species - science-b
... - Enrich soils and/or recycle nutrients found in dead organisms Detritivores = scavenge waste products or dead bodies - Millipedes Decomposers = break down leaf litter and other nonliving material - Fungi, bacteria - Enhance topsoil and recycle nutrients Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., p ...
... - Enrich soils and/or recycle nutrients found in dead organisms Detritivores = scavenge waste products or dead bodies - Millipedes Decomposers = break down leaf litter and other nonliving material - Fungi, bacteria - Enhance topsoil and recycle nutrients Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., p ...
Herbivores, the Functional Diversity of Plants
... nutrient and energy flow through terrestrial ecosystems by returning to the soil fecal material and urine with faster turnover rate than shed plant litter. These previous theories and models always treat the producer compartment as a homogenous pool. Essentially, they assume that consumers feed thro ...
... nutrient and energy flow through terrestrial ecosystems by returning to the soil fecal material and urine with faster turnover rate than shed plant litter. These previous theories and models always treat the producer compartment as a homogenous pool. Essentially, they assume that consumers feed thro ...
behavioral responses to `alarm odors` in potentially invasive and non
... Individuals of P. acutus acutus and P. clarkii were made available from aquaculture research ponds located in Delaware and Louisiana (USA). During January 2002, in the laboratory at the Delaware State University (Dover, Delaware), 20 adult Form I males of P. acutus acutus (cephalothorax length: 35-4 ...
... Individuals of P. acutus acutus and P. clarkii were made available from aquaculture research ponds located in Delaware and Louisiana (USA). During January 2002, in the laboratory at the Delaware State University (Dover, Delaware), 20 adult Form I males of P. acutus acutus (cephalothorax length: 35-4 ...
Dividing up the pie: Whales, fish, and humans as competitors
... Similarly structured food web models of four coastal ecosystems (Northern California Current, Central Gulf of Alaska, Georges Bank, southwestern Antarctic Peninsula) were used to investigate competition among whales, fishes, pinnipeds, and humans. Two analysis strategies simulated the effects of hist ...
... Similarly structured food web models of four coastal ecosystems (Northern California Current, Central Gulf of Alaska, Georges Bank, southwestern Antarctic Peninsula) were used to investigate competition among whales, fishes, pinnipeds, and humans. Two analysis strategies simulated the effects of hist ...
DEFINITION: THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
... ECOLOGY DEFINITION: THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BIOTIC/ ABIOTIC FACTORS. Wednesday, May 4, 16 ...
... ECOLOGY DEFINITION: THE STUDY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BIOTIC/ ABIOTIC FACTORS. Wednesday, May 4, 16 ...
Food web
A food web (or food cycle) is the natural interconnection of food chains and generally a graphical representation (usually an image) of what-eats-what in an ecological community. Another name for food web is a consumer-resource system. Ecologists can broadly lump all life forms into one of two categories called trophic levels: 1) the autotrophs, and 2) the heterotrophs. To maintain their bodies, grow, develop, and to reproduce, autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic substances, including both minerals and gases such as carbon dioxide. These chemical reactions require energy, which mainly comes from the sun and largely by photosynthesis, although a very small amount comes from hydrothermal vents and hot springs. A gradient exists between trophic levels running from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, to mixotrophs (such as carnivorous plants) that are autotrophic organisms that partially obtain organic matter from sources other than the atmosphere, and complete heterotrophs that must feed to obtain organic matter. The linkages in a food web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. There are different kinds of feeding relations that can be roughly divided into herbivory, carnivory, scavenging and parasitism. Some of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such as sugars, provides energy. Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, from microscopic to many tonnes - from cyanobacteria to giant redwoods, and from viruses and bdellovibrio to blue whales.Charles Elton pioneered the concept of food cycles, food chains, and food size in his classical 1927 book ""Animal Ecology""; Elton's 'food cycle' was replaced by 'food web' in a subsequent ecological text. Elton organized species into functional groups, which was the basis for Raymond Lindeman's classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics. Lindeman emphasized the important role of decomposer organisms in a trophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a historical foothold in the writings of Charles Darwin and his terminology, including an ""entangled bank"", ""web of life"", ""web of complex relations"", and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about ""the continued movement of the particles of earth"". Even earlier, in 1768 John Bruckner described nature as ""one continued web of life"".Food webs are limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate many species into trophic species, which are functional groups of species that have the same predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications in quantitative (or mathematical) models of trophic or consumer-resource systems dynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have identified non-random properties in the topographic structure of food webs. Published examples that are used in meta analysis are of variable quality with omissions. However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical treatment of food webs using network theory had identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and levels of species richness.