er ook? - Journals
... and travelling soothsayers all come in for scorn. Even though some cities in Hellenistic and Roman times, in line with Aristotle’s recommendation, did have separate commercial and political agoras, the division of function was never complete. We hear of sword-swallowers entertaining crowds in the ol ...
... and travelling soothsayers all come in for scorn. Even though some cities in Hellenistic and Roman times, in line with Aristotle’s recommendation, did have separate commercial and political agoras, the division of function was never complete. We hear of sword-swallowers entertaining crowds in the ol ...
Stage 2 Classical Studies Assessment Type 3: Special Study
... Athenians were 'utterly and entirely defeated’,1 and that their 'losses were ... total; army, navy, everything was destroyed and, out of many, only few ever returned’2. Donald Kagan concludes that the Athenians were never fully able to 'replace their losses, material and human, or to recover the pre ...
... Athenians were 'utterly and entirely defeated’,1 and that their 'losses were ... total; army, navy, everything was destroyed and, out of many, only few ever returned’2. Donald Kagan concludes that the Athenians were never fully able to 'replace their losses, material and human, or to recover the pre ...
Misthos for Magistrates in Fourth
... finance their scheme.18 It is only Sokrates’ refusal to escape that prevented his friends from carrying out their plan. Sokrates was in chains in his cell (Phd. 59E), and for the plan to succeed the Eleven and their staff must have been persuaded to turn a blind eye to Sokrates’ escape from the pris ...
... finance their scheme.18 It is only Sokrates’ refusal to escape that prevented his friends from carrying out their plan. Sokrates was in chains in his cell (Phd. 59E), and for the plan to succeed the Eleven and their staff must have been persuaded to turn a blind eye to Sokrates’ escape from the pris ...
A Mind at War: Erga Paraloga in Thucydides` History
... between ktêma, “possession” and khrêma, “use” or “want,” is both sincere and important. Rhetoric, as has been and always will be noted by readers of Thucydides, holds incredible sway over the vulnerable mind. The volatile Athenian democracy, in particular, was at the mercy of words and ideas that wo ...
... between ktêma, “possession” and khrêma, “use” or “want,” is both sincere and important. Rhetoric, as has been and always will be noted by readers of Thucydides, holds incredible sway over the vulnerable mind. The volatile Athenian democracy, in particular, was at the mercy of words and ideas that wo ...
Introduction - Princeton University Press
... from the domination of tyrants who, for the past half-century, had held the reins of power. This was an important change. Once the tyranny had collapsed, in 510 B.C., all forms of personal domination remained for many years discredited—a factor that Pericles had to take into account throughout his ...
... from the domination of tyrants who, for the past half-century, had held the reins of power. This was an important change. Once the tyranny had collapsed, in 510 B.C., all forms of personal domination remained for many years discredited—a factor that Pericles had to take into account throughout his ...
THE STORY OF CIVILIZATION (tm) Ver. 4.8 2: The Life of Greece
... Atlantic and Gibraltar, we pass at once into the arena of Greek history. "Like frogs around a pond," said Plato, "we have settled down upon the shores of this sea." `02011 Even on these distant coasts the Greeks founded precarious, barbarian-bound colonies many centuries before Christ: at Hemeroscop ...
... Atlantic and Gibraltar, we pass at once into the arena of Greek history. "Like frogs around a pond," said Plato, "we have settled down upon the shores of this sea." `02011 Even on these distant coasts the Greeks founded precarious, barbarian-bound colonies many centuries before Christ: at Hemeroscop ...
28 page pdf - The Stoa Consortium
... paintings probably celebrated Alcibiades’ victory in the chariot race at the st Olympiad (in , cf. uc. ..). e painting with Nemea may be that mentioned by Plutarch and Pausanias (Paus. ..), or perhaps there was more than one painting. Plutarch notes that “When Aristophon painted ...
... paintings probably celebrated Alcibiades’ victory in the chariot race at the st Olympiad (in , cf. uc. ..). e painting with Nemea may be that mentioned by Plutarch and Pausanias (Paus. ..), or perhaps there was more than one painting. Plutarch notes that “When Aristophon painted ...
S N : PEECH AND
... present myself, I tracked down detailed information from other sources as far as I could. It was hard work to find out what happened, because those who were present at each event gave different reports, depending on which side they favored and how well they remembered.(1.22.2) ...
... present myself, I tracked down detailed information from other sources as far as I could. It was hard work to find out what happened, because those who were present at each event gave different reports, depending on which side they favored and how well they remembered.(1.22.2) ...
Socrates Reading Comprehension
... his home country, the Athenian Empire, was at the peak of its power. But that was about to change. In 431 B.C., Sparta invaded Athens and held the city under siege. The two sides were at a standoff for nearly thirty years. By the time the so-called Peloponnesian War was finally over in 404 B.C., Ath ...
... his home country, the Athenian Empire, was at the peak of its power. But that was about to change. In 431 B.C., Sparta invaded Athens and held the city under siege. The two sides were at a standoff for nearly thirty years. By the time the so-called Peloponnesian War was finally over in 404 B.C., Ath ...
The Delian League - Curwensville Area School District
... The Winged Victory of Samothrace. This is one of the great masterpieces of Hellenistic sculpture. It appears to be the work of the Rhodian sculptor Pythokritos, about 200 B.C.E. The statue stood in the sanctuary of the Great Gods on the Aegean island of Samothrace on a base made in the shape of a s ...
... The Winged Victory of Samothrace. This is one of the great masterpieces of Hellenistic sculpture. It appears to be the work of the Rhodian sculptor Pythokritos, about 200 B.C.E. The statue stood in the sanctuary of the Great Gods on the Aegean island of Samothrace on a base made in the shape of a s ...
Theseus Dearest hero to the Athenians Ovid, Plutarch, Apollodorus
... Aegeus sees the black sail from the Acropolis and throws himself to his death (reason for the Aegean Sea) Theseus is named king, very wise but also disinterested o Did not wish to rule over them o Wanted a people’s government where all would be equal o Resigned his royal power and organized a common ...
... Aegeus sees the black sail from the Acropolis and throws himself to his death (reason for the Aegean Sea) Theseus is named king, very wise but also disinterested o Did not wish to rule over them o Wanted a people’s government where all would be equal o Resigned his royal power and organized a common ...
Brill`s Companion to Thucydides: "Warfare" by Peter Hunt "The
... most adult males from every social class at Athens—and participation was probably also high in other Greek states.13 Almost all facets of the Greeks' culture—athletics, epic, tragedy, comedy, philosophy, history, and sculpture—reflected this overwhelming presence of warfare in their lives.14 So, too ...
... most adult males from every social class at Athens—and participation was probably also high in other Greek states.13 Almost all facets of the Greeks' culture—athletics, epic, tragedy, comedy, philosophy, history, and sculpture—reflected this overwhelming presence of warfare in their lives.14 So, too ...
Sophocles Biography Information about Sophocles` life is at best
... who is not thoroughly imbued with the spirit of antiquity." The ancients fully appreciated him, but it is hard for the modern reader to divest himself completely of his associations and set a just value on productions so essentially Greek as were the Sophoclean tragedies. It must also be remembered ...
... who is not thoroughly imbued with the spirit of antiquity." The ancients fully appreciated him, but it is hard for the modern reader to divest himself completely of his associations and set a just value on productions so essentially Greek as were the Sophoclean tragedies. It must also be remembered ...
centauromachy - Astro*Synthesis
... Under Pericles’ leadership Athens’s power and prestige grew through imperialism and democracy. Since the Persian invasion and the foundation of the Delian League, Athens domination of the Aegean and beyond had increased. Its imperialistic tendencies sparked conflict with other Greek cities. While th ...
... Under Pericles’ leadership Athens’s power and prestige grew through imperialism and democracy. Since the Persian invasion and the foundation of the Delian League, Athens domination of the Aegean and beyond had increased. Its imperialistic tendencies sparked conflict with other Greek cities. While th ...
Stoa of Attalos
... but some public meetings, such as those to discuss ostracism, were held in the agora. Beginning in the period of the radical democracy (after 509 BC), the Boule, or city council, the Prytaneis, or presidents of the council, and the Archons, or magistrates, all met in the agora. The law courts were l ...
... but some public meetings, such as those to discuss ostracism, were held in the agora. Beginning in the period of the radical democracy (after 509 BC), the Boule, or city council, the Prytaneis, or presidents of the council, and the Archons, or magistrates, all met in the agora. The law courts were l ...
World Literature
... army. According to legend, a messenger from Marathon raced news of the Persian defeat to Athens and uttered only the word Nike (“victory”) before dropping dead of exhaustion. Ten years later, 300 Spartan soldiers delayed a second and even larger Persian invasion, holding back 180,000 Persian troops ...
... army. According to legend, a messenger from Marathon raced news of the Persian defeat to Athens and uttered only the word Nike (“victory”) before dropping dead of exhaustion. Ten years later, 300 Spartan soldiers delayed a second and even larger Persian invasion, holding back 180,000 Persian troops ...
Mark scheme - Unit F393 - Greek history - Conflict and culture
... of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking ...
... of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking ...
- Voyages to Antiquity
... Edith Hall gives us a revelatory way of viewing this scattered people, identifying ten unique personality traits that she shows to be unique and central to the widespread ancient Greeks. ...
... Edith Hall gives us a revelatory way of viewing this scattered people, identifying ten unique personality traits that she shows to be unique and central to the widespread ancient Greeks. ...
A Day In Old Athens
... through a good secondary school history of ancient times. This naturally has led to comments and descriptions which more advanced students may find superfluous. The writer has been under a heavy debt to the numerous and excellent works on Greek "Private Antiquities" and "Public Life" written in Engl ...
... through a good secondary school history of ancient times. This naturally has led to comments and descriptions which more advanced students may find superfluous. The writer has been under a heavy debt to the numerous and excellent works on Greek "Private Antiquities" and "Public Life" written in Engl ...
The Gortyn Code and Greek Kinship , Greek, Roman
... recent developments, dating back only a few centuries; (4) either that little had changed in Cretan social structure for thousands of years, or else that incoming Dorians succeeded in imposing an elementary kinship system on more complex Minoan structures; 4 and either way, (5) that the growing cons ...
... recent developments, dating back only a few centuries; (4) either that little had changed in Cretan social structure for thousands of years, or else that incoming Dorians succeeded in imposing an elementary kinship system on more complex Minoan structures; 4 and either way, (5) that the growing cons ...
CHRONOLOGY OF THE HISTORICAL SOCRATES IN THE
... Athens was even then, however, sliding toward war with Sparta on a scale that would involve all of Greece over the next three decades. Two of Plato's longer dia‐ logues are set loosely throughout the war. [431‐404 Republic, Gorgias] Both Socra‐ tes and Alcibiades were posted that summe ...
... Athens was even then, however, sliding toward war with Sparta on a scale that would involve all of Greece over the next three decades. Two of Plato's longer dia‐ logues are set loosely throughout the war. [431‐404 Republic, Gorgias] Both Socra‐ tes and Alcibiades were posted that summe ...
Socrates: An outline biography
... sincere search for truth, many of these interviews were conducted in public. The youth of Athens came to regard it as a form of entertainment to see those of pretentious reputation humbled. Some people used the Socratic method to similarly bring others to face their own ignorance but may have been l ...
... sincere search for truth, many of these interviews were conducted in public. The youth of Athens came to regard it as a form of entertainment to see those of pretentious reputation humbled. Some people used the Socratic method to similarly bring others to face their own ignorance but may have been l ...
Precautionary Constitutionalism in Ancient Athens
... attempting to select the best institutions or leaders, the argument runs, the aim should be to select the safest institutions or leaders. Institutions should be designed in order to minimize downside risks and to prevent the occurrence of worst-case scenarios. In this tradition, the political risks ...
... attempting to select the best institutions or leaders, the argument runs, the aim should be to select the safest institutions or leaders. Institutions should be designed in order to minimize downside risks and to prevent the occurrence of worst-case scenarios. In this tradition, the political risks ...
The Discourse of Kingship in Classical Athenian Thought
... also enabled the development of a unitary history of Athens from its foundations, bridging the ‘floating gap’ that was observed by so-called ‘great’ historians with their focus on contemporary history that could be told from the oral evidence of living sources; it took history back beyond the accept ...
... also enabled the development of a unitary history of Athens from its foundations, bridging the ‘floating gap’ that was observed by so-called ‘great’ historians with their focus on contemporary history that could be told from the oral evidence of living sources; it took history back beyond the accept ...
Ancient Greek warfare
The Greek 'Dark Age' drew to a close as a significant increase in population allowed urbanized culture to be restored, and the rise of the city-states (Poleis). These developments ushered in the Archaic period (800-480 BC). They also restored the capability of organized warfare between these Poleis (as opposed to small-scale raids to acquire livestock and grain, for example). The fractious nature of Ancient Greek society seems to have made continuous conflict on this larger scale inevitable.Concomitant with the rise of the city-state was the evolution of a new way of warfare - the hoplite phalanx. When exactly the phalanx developed is uncertain, but it is thought to have been developed by the Spartans. The chigi vase, dated to around 650 BC, is the earliest depiction of a hoplite in full battle array. The hoplite was a well-armed and armored citizen-soldier primarily drawn from the middle classes. Every man had to serve at least two years in the army. Fighting in the tight phalanx formation maximised the effectiveness of his armor, large shield and long spear, presenting a wall of armor and spearpoints to the enemy. They were a force to be reckoned with.With this evolution in warfare, battles seem to have consisted mostly of the clash of hoplite phalanxes from the city-states in conflict. Since the soldiers were citizens with other occupations, warfare was limited in distance, season and scale. Neither side could afford heavy casualties or sustained campaigns, so conflicts seem to have been resolved by a single set-piece battle.The scale and scope of warfare in Ancient Greece changed dramatically as a result of the Greco-Persian Wars. To fight the enormous armies of the Achaemenid Empire was effectively beyond the capabilities of a single city-state. The eventual triumph of the Greeks was achieved by alliances of many city-states (the exact composition changing over time), allowing the pooling of resources and division of labour. Although alliances between city states occurred before this time, nothing on this scale had been seen before. The rise of Athens and Sparta as pre-eminent powers during this conflict led directly to the Peloponnesian War, which saw further development of the nature of warfare, strategy and tactics. Fought between leagues of cities dominated by Athens and Sparta, the increased manpower and financial resources increased the scale, and allowed the diversification of warfare. Set-piece battles during the Peloponnesian war proved indecisive and instead there was increased reliance on attritionary strategies, naval battle and blockades and sieges. These changes greatly increased the number of casualties and the disruption of Greek society.Following the eventual defeat of the Athenians in 404 BC, and the disbandment of the Athenian-dominated Delian League, Ancient Greece fell under the hegemony of Sparta. However, it was soon apparent that the hegemony was unstable, and the Persian Empire sponsored a rebellion by the combined powers of Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos, resulting in the Corinthian War (395-387 BC). After largely inconclusive campaigning, the war was decided when the Persians switched to supporting the Spartans, in return for the cities of Ionia and Spartan non-interference in Asia Minor. This brought the rebels to terms, and restored the Spartan hegemony on a more stable footing. The Spartan hegemony would last another 16 years, until, at the Battle of Leuctra (371) the Spartans were decisively defeated by the Theban general Epaminondas.In the aftermath of this, the Thebans acted with alacrity to establish a hegemony of their own over Greece. However, Thebes lacked sufficient manpower and resources, and became overstretched in attempting to impose itself on the rest of Greece. Following the death of Epaminondas and loss of manpower at the Battle of Mantinea, the Theban hegemony ceased. Indeed, the losses in the ten years of the Theban hegemony left all the Greek city-states weakened and divided. As such, the city-states of southern Greece would shortly afterwards be powerless to resist the rise of the Macedonian kingdom in the north. With revolutionary tactics, King Phillip II brought most of Greece under his sway, paving the way for the conquest of ""the known world"" by his son Alexander the Great. The rise of the Macedonian Kingdom is generally taken to signal the end of the Greek Classical period, and certainly marked the end of the distinctive hoplite battle in Ancient Greece.