THE AREA POSTREMA: A POTENTIAL SITE FOR CIRCADIAN REGULATION BY
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
... ion substitution experiments revealed a PK2-induced Cl- current was responsible for membrane depolarization, while hyperpolarizations were the result of inhibition of an inwardly rectifying non-selective cation current. In contrast to these differential effects on membrane potential, nearly all neur ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
... been observed in parallel in vivo and in vitro studies of rodent somatosensory cortex (C astro-Alamancos and Connors, 1996; Gil et al., 1997). Synaptic inputs. To isolate the role that synaptic depression plays in shaping the temporal characteristics of V1 responses, we drive the model simple cell e ...
Zn2 Slows Down CaV3.3 Gating Kinetics: Implications for
... In addition, Zn2⫹ slowed down channel deactivation but channel recovery from inactivation was only modestly changed. Zn2⫹ also decreased whole cell Ca2⫹ permeability to 45% of control values. In the presence of Zn2⫹, Ca2⫹ currents evoked by mock action potentials were more persistent than in its abs ...
... In addition, Zn2⫹ slowed down channel deactivation but channel recovery from inactivation was only modestly changed. Zn2⫹ also decreased whole cell Ca2⫹ permeability to 45% of control values. In the presence of Zn2⫹, Ca2⫹ currents evoked by mock action potentials were more persistent than in its abs ...
Activity of Ventral Medial Thalamic Neurons during
... transforms were applied using Spike 2 (CED Software; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Cross-correlograms of the firing between two simultaneously recorded units were obtained by first encoding the position of the peak of the action potentials into separate channels using the memory buffe ...
... transforms were applied using Spike 2 (CED Software; Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK). Cross-correlograms of the firing between two simultaneously recorded units were obtained by first encoding the position of the peak of the action potentials into separate channels using the memory buffe ...
Different Subthreshold Mechanisms Underlie Song Selectivity in
... hyperpolarization after the spike. Resting membrane potential was determined by subtracting any DC offset observed after electrode withdrawal from the membrane potential recorded during the 5–10 min before the end of the recording. All values are reported as the mean ⫾ SEM; statistics and tests for ...
... hyperpolarization after the spike. Resting membrane potential was determined by subtracting any DC offset observed after electrode withdrawal from the membrane potential recorded during the 5–10 min before the end of the recording. All values are reported as the mean ⫾ SEM; statistics and tests for ...
The contribution of intrinsic membrane dynamics to fast network
... IL ⫽ gL(V ⫺ VL) has the conductance gL ⫽ 0.02 S and reversal potential VL ⫽ ⫺67 mV. Isyn is the synaptic input current and Iext is an external applied current. The spike-generating ion currents INa ⫽ gNam3⬁h(V ⫺ VNa) and IK ⫽ gKn4(V ⫺ VK) are of the Hodgkin– Huxley type (Hodgkin and Huxley 1952). T ...
... IL ⫽ gL(V ⫺ VL) has the conductance gL ⫽ 0.02 S and reversal potential VL ⫽ ⫺67 mV. Isyn is the synaptic input current and Iext is an external applied current. The spike-generating ion currents INa ⫽ gNam3⬁h(V ⫺ VNa) and IK ⫽ gKn4(V ⫺ VK) are of the Hodgkin– Huxley type (Hodgkin and Huxley 1952). T ...
Slide 1
... strategically positioned to block action potential backpropagation without blocking action potential firing at the soma or synaptic transmission at more distal dendritic locations. (b) Ca2+-sensitive fluorescence changes during pairing of EPSPs and action potentials (evoked by somatic current inject ...
... strategically positioned to block action potential backpropagation without blocking action potential firing at the soma or synaptic transmission at more distal dendritic locations. (b) Ca2+-sensitive fluorescence changes during pairing of EPSPs and action potentials (evoked by somatic current inject ...
Ultrastructure and Function of Cephalopod Chromatophores
... a cellular sheath that surrounds each chromatophore like a wreath or collar. It was most prominent in retracted chromatophores, but flattened out and eventually disappeared when the chromatophores expanded. This ring of cells was interpreted by many as the seat of the elastic forces that aided or ca ...
... a cellular sheath that surrounds each chromatophore like a wreath or collar. It was most prominent in retracted chromatophores, but flattened out and eventually disappeared when the chromatophores expanded. This ring of cells was interpreted by many as the seat of the elastic forces that aided or ca ...
(< 50 m) non-transfected neurons using laser scanning
... associates with its ‘binders’ in the PSD (Figure S4A and S4B). PSD-95 unbinds with rate constant koff, and binds with rate constant kon. After unbinding, PSD-95 can escape the spine and diffuse along the dendrite to other spines. Short-time diffusion of PSD-95. Here we consider the short-time diffus ...
... associates with its ‘binders’ in the PSD (Figure S4A and S4B). PSD-95 unbinds with rate constant koff, and binds with rate constant kon. After unbinding, PSD-95 can escape the spine and diffuse along the dendrite to other spines. Short-time diffusion of PSD-95. Here we consider the short-time diffus ...
Lecture 6: Single neuron models
... The most common and simplest types of dynamic models come in the form of differential equations They describe the rate of change of some variable, say u, as a function u and other variables ...
... The most common and simplest types of dynamic models come in the form of differential equations They describe the rate of change of some variable, say u, as a function u and other variables ...
Sample Chapter 8 from the Textbook
... All cells exhibit electrical properties. The inside of most cell membranes is negatively charged compared to the outside of the cell membrane, which is positively charged (as discussed in chapter 7). This uneven distribution of charge means the cell is polarized. In an unstimulated (or resting) cell ...
... All cells exhibit electrical properties. The inside of most cell membranes is negatively charged compared to the outside of the cell membrane, which is positively charged (as discussed in chapter 7). This uneven distribution of charge means the cell is polarized. In an unstimulated (or resting) cell ...
Introduction to Data Communication Networks - DSpace
... automatic, inborn response that prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from perceived attack, harm or threat to our survival. Parasympathetic system helps maintain normal body ...
... automatic, inborn response that prepares the body to "fight" or "flee" from perceived attack, harm or threat to our survival. Parasympathetic system helps maintain normal body ...
Spontaneous persistent activity in entorhinal cortex modulates
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
... interactions, whereby MECIII neurons produce a partial decoupling of the CA1 activity from neocortical UDS via their markedly delayed Down transitions and persistent Up states. Notably, the authors found that there was a strong correlation between a neuron’s Down-transition lag and its probability o ...
Insufficiency of digestion
... • Gastric mucus is secreted by mucous cells of a mucous membrane of a stomach. Into structure of gastric musous enter glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. From sialic acids N-acethylneuraminic acid provides ability of gastric mucus to form a water-insoluble viscose coverings mucus membrane of a st ...
... • Gastric mucus is secreted by mucous cells of a mucous membrane of a stomach. Into structure of gastric musous enter glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins. From sialic acids N-acethylneuraminic acid provides ability of gastric mucus to form a water-insoluble viscose coverings mucus membrane of a st ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... It may not be coincidence that cells in which this interaction has been observed (e.g. pyramidal cortical neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons) exhibit spontaneous glutamate-driven plateau depolarizations when recorded in vivo (O’Donnell and Grace, 1995; Wilson and Kawaguchi, 1996; Lewis and O’ ...
... It may not be coincidence that cells in which this interaction has been observed (e.g. pyramidal cortical neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons) exhibit spontaneous glutamate-driven plateau depolarizations when recorded in vivo (O’Donnell and Grace, 1995; Wilson and Kawaguchi, 1996; Lewis and O’ ...
TESIS DOCTORAL Dynamics and Synchronization in Neuronal Models
... is difficult to determine which is the appropriate level of details covered xvii ...
... is difficult to determine which is the appropriate level of details covered xvii ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (March 20, 2003). 10.1152/jn
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
... in our model, Kir2 and Ksi (si, slowly inactivating), have been shown (Nisenbaum and Wilson 1995) to account for the characteristic nonlinear voltage dependence of the outward current measured in spiny neurons. We recognize that the si K+ current is likely to arise from at least two channel types, b ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
Neural Tissue
... – Cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ » causes potassium ions to leave the cytoplasm more rapidly than sodium ions enter. » cytosol along the interior of the cell becomes negatively charged » extracellular fluid becomes positively charged. » This causes a potential difference to occur ...
... – Cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than to Na+ » causes potassium ions to leave the cytoplasm more rapidly than sodium ions enter. » cytosol along the interior of the cell becomes negatively charged » extracellular fluid becomes positively charged. » This causes a potential difference to occur ...
The Superior Olivary Nucleus and Its Influence on Nucleus
... chickens (Gallus gallus) at 10- to 12-d-old were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (8 mg /100 gm) and Nembutal (1.8 mg /100 gm). Supplemental anesthesia was administrated at half the original dose every 60 min. The feathers on the head were trimmed short and then removed with a d ...
... chickens (Gallus gallus) at 10- to 12-d-old were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine (8 mg /100 gm) and Nembutal (1.8 mg /100 gm). Supplemental anesthesia was administrated at half the original dose every 60 min. The feathers on the head were trimmed short and then removed with a d ...
detailed lecture outline
... behave as distinct entities. The presence of a cell membrane and active transport at the membrane surface enable cells to maintain internal environments with a composition that differs from their surroundings. Figure 27-2 The principal ions in the ECF are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The ICF ...
... behave as distinct entities. The presence of a cell membrane and active transport at the membrane surface enable cells to maintain internal environments with a composition that differs from their surroundings. Figure 27-2 The principal ions in the ECF are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The ICF ...
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage
... time constant of ICa-K was set at 2 ms. The activation time constants of IK ranged from 2 to 5 ms, a feature of Kv3-type K⫹ channels (Rudy and McBain 2001). Other parameter values used in simulations are given in Table 1. Intracellular Ca2⫹ concentration, [Ca]i, depends on the total Ca2⫹ current, IC ...
... time constant of ICa-K was set at 2 ms. The activation time constants of IK ranged from 2 to 5 ms, a feature of Kv3-type K⫹ channels (Rudy and McBain 2001). Other parameter values used in simulations are given in Table 1. Intracellular Ca2⫹ concentration, [Ca]i, depends on the total Ca2⫹ current, IC ...
Resting potential
The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells is called the resting membrane potential (or resting voltage), as opposed to the specific dynamic electrochemical phenomena called action potential and graded membrane potential.Apart from the latter two, which occur in excitable cells (neurons, muscles, and some secretory cells in glands), membrane voltage in the majority of non-excitable cells can also undergo changes in response to environmental or intracellular stimuli. In principle, there is no difference between resting membrane potential and dynamic voltage changes like action potential from a biophysical point of view: all these phenomena are caused by specific changes in membrane permeabilities for potassium, sodium, calcium, and chloride ions, which in turn result from concerted changes in functional activity of various ion channels, ion transporters, and exchangers. Conventionally, resting membrane potential can be defined as a relatively stable, ground value of transmembrane voltage in animal and plant cells.Any voltage is a difference in electric potential between two points—for example, the separation of positive and negative electric charges on opposite sides of a resistive barrier. The typical resting membrane potential of a cell arises from the separation of potassium ions from intracellular, relatively immobile anions across the membrane of the cell. Because the membrane permeability for potassium is much higher than that for other ions (disregarding voltage-gated channels at this stage), and because of the strong chemical gradient for potassium, potassium ions flow from the cytosol into the extracellular space carrying out positive charge, until their movement is balanced by build-up of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane. Again, because of the high relative permeability for potassium, the resulting membrane potential is almost always close to the potassium reversal potential. But in order for this process to occur, a concentration gradient of potassium ions must first be set up. This work is done by the ion pumps/transporters and/or exchangers and generally is powered by ATP.In the case of the resting membrane potential across an animal cell's plasma membrane, potassium (and sodium) gradients are established by the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) which transports 2 potassium ions inside and 3 sodium ions outside at the cost of 1 ATP molecule. In other cases, for example, a membrane potential may be established by acidification of the inside of a membranous compartment (such as the proton pump that generates membrane potential across synaptic vesicle membranes).