Autonomic Nervous System
... conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores. Thus, it is most active when the body is at rest or digesting a meal, and has been nicknamed the “rest-and-digest” division. The parasympathetic division also helps maintain homeostasis, a constant internal environment. The sympathetic (sim-pa -̆ t ...
... conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores. Thus, it is most active when the body is at rest or digesting a meal, and has been nicknamed the “rest-and-digest” division. The parasympathetic division also helps maintain homeostasis, a constant internal environment. The sympathetic (sim-pa -̆ t ...
Identification of key signaling molecules involved - diss.fu
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
... hypothalamus. Trpm2 expression was detected in the preoptic area by in situ hybridization. Heat responses of warm-sensitive neurons were abolished in the neurons from Trpm2 knockout mice characterized by Ca2+ imaging, indicating that Trpm2 channel is involved in conducting Ca2+ influx during heat st ...
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... not shown). When the concentration of hexamethonium was increased to 10 ⫺3 M, contractions were completely and reversibly abolished (Fig. 2 B). We found strong bidirectional electrical connections between B66 and three cells that are active during the radula opening/ protraction phase of ingestive m ...
... not shown). When the concentration of hexamethonium was increased to 10 ⫺3 M, contractions were completely and reversibly abolished (Fig. 2 B). We found strong bidirectional electrical connections between B66 and three cells that are active during the radula opening/ protraction phase of ingestive m ...
Structure-Function Relationships in Rat Brainstem Subnucleus
... signal for arbor encroachment into infraorbital neuropil remains to be determined, although it would not appear to be related to injury-induced activity alterations or ganglion cell death. [Key words: trigeminus, development, sprouting, barrels, vibrissae, pattern formation, somatosensory system] ...
... signal for arbor encroachment into infraorbital neuropil remains to be determined, although it would not appear to be related to injury-induced activity alterations or ganglion cell death. [Key words: trigeminus, development, sprouting, barrels, vibrissae, pattern formation, somatosensory system] ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... electrophysiological properties recorded in in vitro experiments is more limited. Three types of neurons have been described on the basis of their membrane properties (A-current type, low-threshold spikes type and mixed A-current plus LTS type; Leonard and Llinas, 1994; Takakusaki et al., 1997; Sai ...
... electrophysiological properties recorded in in vitro experiments is more limited. Three types of neurons have been described on the basis of their membrane properties (A-current type, low-threshold spikes type and mixed A-current plus LTS type; Leonard and Llinas, 1994; Takakusaki et al., 1997; Sai ...
Propagation of Epileptiform Events across the Corpus Callosum in a
... Brain Library, mbl.org (Bi) Bathed in 20 mM bicuculline, EEs are recorded using fura-2am calcium imaging, as viewed through a 410 mm6410 mm mean fluorescent image of the slice. The interhemispheric fissure runs from the bottom left to top right hand corner of the image, and active neurons are identi ...
... Brain Library, mbl.org (Bi) Bathed in 20 mM bicuculline, EEs are recorded using fura-2am calcium imaging, as viewed through a 410 mm6410 mm mean fluorescent image of the slice. The interhemispheric fissure runs from the bottom left to top right hand corner of the image, and active neurons are identi ...
Mapping From Motor Cortex to Biceps and Triceps Altered By Elbow
... 15-Hz stimulation; other sites were tested in the reverse order. In this way, the results from 15-Hz stimulation could not be attributed to an alteration or rewiring of the brain caused by prior stimulation at 200 Hz. ...
... 15-Hz stimulation; other sites were tested in the reverse order. In this way, the results from 15-Hz stimulation could not be attributed to an alteration or rewiring of the brain caused by prior stimulation at 200 Hz. ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
... IONC model originated specific brainstem nuclei, which normally represent the mandibular (V3) region of the face and/or other body parts. We also observed ectopic receptive fields of V2 VPM neurons and extraterritorial mechanical hypersensitivity in the corresponding V3 region. Furthermore, all thes ...
... IONC model originated specific brainstem nuclei, which normally represent the mandibular (V3) region of the face and/or other body parts. We also observed ectopic receptive fields of V2 VPM neurons and extraterritorial mechanical hypersensitivity in the corresponding V3 region. Furthermore, all thes ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... Labeling of motoneurons projecting to triceps brachii muscles. Tadpoles were reared through metamorphosis and kept for an additional l-4 months to allow time for muscle afferents to form stable synaptic connections with motoneurons. After simple behavioral tests of the affected forelimb were made (s ...
... Labeling of motoneurons projecting to triceps brachii muscles. Tadpoles were reared through metamorphosis and kept for an additional l-4 months to allow time for muscle afferents to form stable synaptic connections with motoneurons. After simple behavioral tests of the affected forelimb were made (s ...
Neural Control of the Pancreas
... plasticity and can be modulated by numerous neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones and physiological conditions (10). Studies using injections of transsynaptic retrograde tracers into the pancreas of sympathectomised rats have demonstrated the distribution of higher order neurons that innervat ...
... plasticity and can be modulated by numerous neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, hormones and physiological conditions (10). Studies using injections of transsynaptic retrograde tracers into the pancreas of sympathectomised rats have demonstrated the distribution of higher order neurons that innervat ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most jaw muscles (Bredman et al., 1991). This feature was especially conspicuous in the anterior masseter muscle in which spindles were restricted to the medial-inferior aspect of the muscle in wild-type as well as NT3 ...
... paralleled that of wild-type mice. Spindles are restricted to specific regions of most jaw muscles (Bredman et al., 1991). This feature was especially conspicuous in the anterior masseter muscle in which spindles were restricted to the medial-inferior aspect of the muscle in wild-type as well as NT3 ...
Propofol Inhibits Neuronal Firing Activities in the Caudal
... cytoarchitecture of neurons in the CVLM is heterogeneous. Therefore, propofol may produce different effects on different neurons. However, most neuronal firings in the CVLM being inhibited by intravenous propofol demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of propofol still plays a major role in modulat ...
... cytoarchitecture of neurons in the CVLM is heterogeneous. Therefore, propofol may produce different effects on different neurons. However, most neuronal firings in the CVLM being inhibited by intravenous propofol demonstrates that the inhibitory effect of propofol still plays a major role in modulat ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... The characteristic feature of mirror neurons is that they modulate their firing rate during both a monkey’s own action and during observation of another individual performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal tar ...
... The characteristic feature of mirror neurons is that they modulate their firing rate during both a monkey’s own action and during observation of another individual performing a similar action. Some premotor (F5) mirror neurons have also been shown to be corticospinal neurons, meaning that spinal tar ...
Table of Contents
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
... are mediated by the GABAA receptor, a GABA-gated chloride channel (Schofield et al., 1987). In vertebrate neurons, chloride ions are pumped out of the cell; thus, activation of GABA receptors will permit chloride to diffuse into the cell, hyperpolarize the membrane and decrease the excitability of t ...
Motor Resonance Meets Motor Performance - Unitn
... 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they defined different neuronal populations according to their firing properties. In a first work si ...
... 1). The authors employed a naturalistic experimental paradigm in which the activity of single neurons was recorded during the occurrence of spontaneous movements performed by the animals. In this way they defined different neuronal populations according to their firing properties. In a first work si ...
morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons
... are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest sp ...
... are strung numerous small closely spaced ultrafine endings. The endings vary in shape from spherical to highly elliptical forms which are more than twice as long as they are wide (Fig. 6). The most common pattern of endings along an ultrafine axon is a group of two to five or more of the smallest sp ...
Refinement of feedforward projections, neuronal density, and
... structures, spines are the most common targets (DeFelipe et al., 1999). We also differentiated between asymmetric and symmetric synapses. This categorization is important, as asymmetric synapses are thought to be excitatory, and symmetric are thought to be inhibitory, with the former being more comm ...
... structures, spines are the most common targets (DeFelipe et al., 1999). We also differentiated between asymmetric and symmetric synapses. This categorization is important, as asymmetric synapses are thought to be excitatory, and symmetric are thought to be inhibitory, with the former being more comm ...
Caudal Topographic Nucleus Isthmi and the Rostra1
... with a drawing tube. A stereogram of labeled somata was made by hand (Glenn and Burke, '81; Sereno, '85) for one of the horizontally sectioned double injection cases. It can be viewed by ocular divergence or by using a standard stereo viewer (note: fusion attained by crossed-eye viewing will result ...
... with a drawing tube. A stereogram of labeled somata was made by hand (Glenn and Burke, '81; Sereno, '85) for one of the horizontally sectioned double injection cases. It can be viewed by ocular divergence or by using a standard stereo viewer (note: fusion attained by crossed-eye viewing will result ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... powerful model system to investigate such axonal behaviors (Heisenberg, 1998; Davis, 2005; Fahrbach, 2006). The MB is composed of three neuronal subtypes—␥, ␣⬘/⬘, and ␣/ neurons—that can be distinguished by their birth order and the location of their axonal projections (Lee et al., 1999). Cell bod ...
... powerful model system to investigate such axonal behaviors (Heisenberg, 1998; Davis, 2005; Fahrbach, 2006). The MB is composed of three neuronal subtypes—␥, ␣⬘/⬘, and ␣/ neurons—that can be distinguished by their birth order and the location of their axonal projections (Lee et al., 1999). Cell bod ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... to conscious awareness, though it is a repository of olfactory memory as with other memories. Multiple olfactory cortical areas transmit signals to hypothalamic neurons of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which controls stress responses in animals to the odours of predators (Kondoh et al., 2016), b ...
... to conscious awareness, though it is a repository of olfactory memory as with other memories. Multiple olfactory cortical areas transmit signals to hypothalamic neurons of corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which controls stress responses in animals to the odours of predators (Kondoh et al., 2016), b ...
For Peer Review - diss.fu
... modulation of ascending monoamine systems in response to afferents from limbic regions and basal ganglia. The LHb is implicated in various biological functions, such as reward, sleepwake cycle, feeding, pain processing and memory formation. The modulatory role of the LHb is partly assumed by putativ ...
... modulation of ascending monoamine systems in response to afferents from limbic regions and basal ganglia. The LHb is implicated in various biological functions, such as reward, sleepwake cycle, feeding, pain processing and memory formation. The modulatory role of the LHb is partly assumed by putativ ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleterious repercussions on other circuit functions (Nishikawa et al., 1992; Tierney, 199 ...
... Smith 1994). It is hypothesized that one of the reasons for this conservation may be the fact that many neural networks are multifunctional, and therefore alterations to one neural element or circuit will have deleterious repercussions on other circuit functions (Nishikawa et al., 1992; Tierney, 199 ...
Stereotyped responses of Drosophila peptidergic neuronal
... eLife digest Most behaviors occur only under specific circumstances: we eat when we are hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produce ...
... eLife digest Most behaviors occur only under specific circumstances: we eat when we are hungry, for example. But how does the nervous system decide when to start or stop a particular behavior? Molecules called neuropeptides are thought to play a key role in these decisions. Neuropeptides are produce ...
Thomas C. Südhof - Nobel Lecture Slides
... 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins Munc18 is absolutely essential for vesicle fusion known to be essential for C. elegans movements and yeast secretion by whereas individual SNAREs unknown mechanisms (Südhof laboratory; 1993) are not ...
... 3. Munc18 binds to SNAREs and is homologous to Unc18 and Sec1p, proteins Munc18 is absolutely essential for vesicle fusion known to be essential for C. elegans movements and yeast secretion by whereas individual SNAREs unknown mechanisms (Südhof laboratory; 1993) are not ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.