Myelin and White Matter
... the neuroglia type, but no cell bodies of neurons. The axons it contains originate from neuronal cell bodies in gray matter structures. There are two main types of macroglia in the white matter: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among the many putative functions of glial cells, it is proposed that th ...
... the neuroglia type, but no cell bodies of neurons. The axons it contains originate from neuronal cell bodies in gray matter structures. There are two main types of macroglia in the white matter: astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Among the many putative functions of glial cells, it is proposed that th ...
elsevier second proof - Michigan State University
... among glomeruli is unclear, probably in part due to differences in recording methods, odorants used, and species examined in different studies (e.g., Wachowiak and Cohen, 2003; Wachowiak et al., 2002). Nevertheless, the olfactory bulb does not appear to contain a simple map in which an odorant can b ...
... among glomeruli is unclear, probably in part due to differences in recording methods, odorants used, and species examined in different studies (e.g., Wachowiak and Cohen, 2003; Wachowiak et al., 2002). Nevertheless, the olfactory bulb does not appear to contain a simple map in which an odorant can b ...
Document
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
... placing thirty million synapses in their proper three-dimensional position. In March 2008, Blue Brain project was progressing faster than expected: "Consciousness is just a massive amount of information being exchanged by trillions of brain cells." Some proponents of strong AI speculate that compute ...
Jennifer McFarland - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites
... hippocampal neurogenesis as my topic because it is relevant to stem cell research, a matter of popular controversy that both intrigues me, and may be useful for my graduate school pursuits. If there are any further questions about this review, I can be reached at [email protected]. ...
... hippocampal neurogenesis as my topic because it is relevant to stem cell research, a matter of popular controversy that both intrigues me, and may be useful for my graduate school pursuits. If there are any further questions about this review, I can be reached at [email protected]. ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... mesolimbic system. For example, DA neurons of the VTA express the α2–α7 and β2–β4 subunits34,35, which can give rise to at least three pharmacologically distinct nAChR subtypes, of which one is probably a homomeric α7 receptor. Although less than half of the VTA neurons express nAChRs that contain α ...
... mesolimbic system. For example, DA neurons of the VTA express the α2–α7 and β2–β4 subunits34,35, which can give rise to at least three pharmacologically distinct nAChR subtypes, of which one is probably a homomeric α7 receptor. Although less than half of the VTA neurons express nAChRs that contain α ...
Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Huntington`s disease
... in the cerebral cortex and striatum of people with HD (Zuccato et al., 2001), as well as in many mouse and cell models of the disease (see Cattaneo et al., 2005 for a review). Furthermore, although no underlying molecular mechanism has been proposed to explain reduced neurotrophic support in other n ...
... in the cerebral cortex and striatum of people with HD (Zuccato et al., 2001), as well as in many mouse and cell models of the disease (see Cattaneo et al., 2005 for a review). Furthermore, although no underlying molecular mechanism has been proposed to explain reduced neurotrophic support in other n ...
Organization of brainstem nuclei
... Following the original suggestion of Paxinos and Huang (1995), we also acknowledge that the radial arrangement of the human caudal hindbrain with reference to the fourth ventricle (as King, 1980, proposed for the cat) is more tenable than the “quilt” pattern proposed by Olszewski and Baxter (1954). ...
... Following the original suggestion of Paxinos and Huang (1995), we also acknowledge that the radial arrangement of the human caudal hindbrain with reference to the fourth ventricle (as King, 1980, proposed for the cat) is more tenable than the “quilt” pattern proposed by Olszewski and Baxter (1954). ...
Understanding the process of multisensory integration
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
... Understanding the principles by which the brain combines information from different senses provides us with insight into the computational strategies used to maximize their utility. Prior studies of the superior colliculus (SC) neuron as a model suggest that the relative timing with which sensory cu ...
ARTICLE Hierarchy of orofacial rhythms revealed through whisking and breathing
... rhythmic protraction from breathing (Supplementary Fig. 10). Quantitatively, the modulation depth of protraction with breathing was less than 0.01 and insignificant for all but one case (11 epochs for three rats), compared with 0.08 for basal respiration and 0.26 for sniffing in awake animals. Final ...
... rhythmic protraction from breathing (Supplementary Fig. 10). Quantitatively, the modulation depth of protraction with breathing was less than 0.01 and insignificant for all but one case (11 epochs for three rats), compared with 0.08 for basal respiration and 0.26 for sniffing in awake animals. Final ...
THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND AREA POSTREMA MEDIATE
... approximately 500 million are obese (World Health Organization, 2011). Perhaps even more staggering, 40 million children under the age of 5 years were considered overweight in 2010 (World Health Organization, 2011). In order to maintain an ideal body weight, an organism must balance energy intake wi ...
... approximately 500 million are obese (World Health Organization, 2011). Perhaps even more staggering, 40 million children under the age of 5 years were considered overweight in 2010 (World Health Organization, 2011). In order to maintain an ideal body weight, an organism must balance energy intake wi ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... neuroscientific research even before I started my PhD. His excitement over every minutely detailed finding was often infectious. To speed up the accumulation of results he delightedly took even the most repetitive tasks science could think of, like pipette pulling or manual computer analyses, onto h ...
... neuroscientific research even before I started my PhD. His excitement over every minutely detailed finding was often infectious. To speed up the accumulation of results he delightedly took even the most repetitive tasks science could think of, like pipette pulling or manual computer analyses, onto h ...
Recasting the Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement System
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
... vestibular nucleus (VN). In parallel with this pathway, a second cortico–ponto– cerebellar pathway originates in the frontal eye field (FEF) and continues through the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), which, like the DLPN, provides outputs exclusively to the cerebellum, in this case lobule ...
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... whom go along with Dement and Kleitman7 and Rechtschaffen and Kales8 who define sleep onset in stage 1 based on criteria of alpha reduction. The most frequently used definition, however, situates it at the first appearance of sleep spindles or K-complexes (stage 2),6,9,10,24–26 probably because this ...
... whom go along with Dement and Kleitman7 and Rechtschaffen and Kales8 who define sleep onset in stage 1 based on criteria of alpha reduction. The most frequently used definition, however, situates it at the first appearance of sleep spindles or K-complexes (stage 2),6,9,10,24–26 probably because this ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
... Classification by microscopic appearance Free nerve endings – Bare dendrites – No structural specialization microscopically – Pain, thermal, tickle, itch, some touch Encapsulated nerve endings – Dendrites are enclosed in a connective tissue capsule – Capsule enhances sensitivity or specificity ...
rem sleep - Website Staff UI
... • The timing of and need for sleep (and wakefulness) are governed by the shifting balance of two intrinsic regulatory process: The circadian rhythm of alertness and sleepiness; and the homeostatic drive for NREM sleep. • The longer we are awake the greater our need for NREM Stage 3 sleep. The homoeo ...
... • The timing of and need for sleep (and wakefulness) are governed by the shifting balance of two intrinsic regulatory process: The circadian rhythm of alertness and sleepiness; and the homeostatic drive for NREM sleep. • The longer we are awake the greater our need for NREM Stage 3 sleep. The homoeo ...
Neuroscience of Sleep - University of Ilorin
... • The timing of and need for sleep (and wakefulness) are governed by the shifting balance of two intrinsic regulatory process: The circadian rhythm of alertness and sleepiness; and the homeostatic drive for NREM sleep. • The longer we are awake the greater our need for NREM Stage 3 sleep. The homoeo ...
... • The timing of and need for sleep (and wakefulness) are governed by the shifting balance of two intrinsic regulatory process: The circadian rhythm of alertness and sleepiness; and the homeostatic drive for NREM sleep. • The longer we are awake the greater our need for NREM Stage 3 sleep. The homoeo ...
THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND ITS RELATIONS TO THE CORPUS
... relations of the corpus callosum. to the hippocampus, the study was limited to the mammals although the great significance of the reptilian brain with reference to the archipallium cannot be overlooked. In order to give uniformity totheinvestigation, waxplatereconstruetions were made of each brain s ...
... relations of the corpus callosum. to the hippocampus, the study was limited to the mammals although the great significance of the reptilian brain with reference to the archipallium cannot be overlooked. In order to give uniformity totheinvestigation, waxplatereconstruetions were made of each brain s ...
MODELING THE MIRROR: GRASP LEARNING AND ACTION
... this dissertation. Other influential Computer Science professors to whom I am grateful for educating me are Nese Yalabik, Gokturk Ucoluk and Sinan Neftci. I would like to present my gratitude to Tosun Terzioglu, Albert Ekip, Turgut Onder and Semih Koray who were professors of the Mathematics Departm ...
... this dissertation. Other influential Computer Science professors to whom I am grateful for educating me are Nese Yalabik, Gokturk Ucoluk and Sinan Neftci. I would like to present my gratitude to Tosun Terzioglu, Albert Ekip, Turgut Onder and Semih Koray who were professors of the Mathematics Departm ...
Extracellular Glutamate, Glutamine, and GABA in the Hippocampus
... of the population (1). Epilepsy is broadly classified as localization-related or generalized, depending on whether it originates in one hemisphere or involves the cortex bilaterally, respectively. Epilepsy can be further characterized as idiopathic, which suggests a genetic basis and is not associat ...
... of the population (1). Epilepsy is broadly classified as localization-related or generalized, depending on whether it originates in one hemisphere or involves the cortex bilaterally, respectively. Epilepsy can be further characterized as idiopathic, which suggests a genetic basis and is not associat ...
Behavioural Brain Research Ventral pallidum roles in reward and
... (the extent of damage is not clear from the published report of the still-living patient). In a second recent case [80], a patient with bilateral damage to the globus pallidus (the lesion is described by the authors as perhaps extending into the ventral pallidum) reported an “inability to feel emoti ...
... (the extent of damage is not clear from the published report of the still-living patient). In a second recent case [80], a patient with bilateral damage to the globus pallidus (the lesion is described by the authors as perhaps extending into the ventral pallidum) reported an “inability to feel emoti ...
Selective stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson`s
... 1994, Miller and DeLong, 1987), which was later also found in PD patients (Benazzouz, et al., 2002). The cortico-subthalamic pathway The classical model of the basal ganglia circuitry for motor control consists of the direct and indirect pathways (Albin, et al., 1989, Alexander and Crutcher, 1990). ...
... 1994, Miller and DeLong, 1987), which was later also found in PD patients (Benazzouz, et al., 2002). The cortico-subthalamic pathway The classical model of the basal ganglia circuitry for motor control consists of the direct and indirect pathways (Albin, et al., 1989, Alexander and Crutcher, 1990). ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... The use of the term ‘limbic’ has changed over time, but the concept of a limbic system is still in use (Catani et al., 2013). The term ‘limbic’ was introduced by Thomas Willis (1664) to designate a cortical border encircling the brainstem (limbus, Latin for ‘border’). Paul Broca (1878) held the view ...
... The use of the term ‘limbic’ has changed over time, but the concept of a limbic system is still in use (Catani et al., 2013). The term ‘limbic’ was introduced by Thomas Willis (1664) to designate a cortical border encircling the brainstem (limbus, Latin for ‘border’). Paul Broca (1878) held the view ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localization and the functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemica ...
... pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localization and the functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemica ...
REM Sleep - Test Page
... events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 per day, compared with approximately 3000 in the rat. If the ...
... events might correspond to REM sleep twitches and which might be the cetacean equivalent of myoclonic jerks occurring in non-REM sleep is a difficult task. What is already clear is that very few such jerks occur, on the order of 10 to f 00 per day, compared with approximately 3000 in the rat. If the ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... emotions on memory. However, this view does not fully encapsulate the function of the amygdala, nor the impact that processing in this structure has on the motivational limbic corticostriatal circuitry of which it is an important structure. Here we discuss the interactions between different amygdala ...
... emotions on memory. However, this view does not fully encapsulate the function of the amygdala, nor the impact that processing in this structure has on the motivational limbic corticostriatal circuitry of which it is an important structure. Here we discuss the interactions between different amygdala ...
Neuroanatomy
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.