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introduced browsing mammals in new zealand natural forests
... Milchunas et al. (1998) concluded that these effects tended to be small especially when compared with the effects of herbivores on composition of aboveground biota such as plants and birds. The influence of herbivory on the diversity (including taxonomic richness) of consumer groups comprising the d ...
... Milchunas et al. (1998) concluded that these effects tended to be small especially when compared with the effects of herbivores on composition of aboveground biota such as plants and birds. The influence of herbivory on the diversity (including taxonomic richness) of consumer groups comprising the d ...
Chapter 17 Notes
... • A key investigation carried out in the early 1990s by David Tilman of the University of Minnesota illustrates the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. • Tilman found that the greater the number of species a plot of land had, the greater the amount of plant material produced in that ...
... • A key investigation carried out in the early 1990s by David Tilman of the University of Minnesota illustrates the relationship between biodiversity and productivity. • Tilman found that the greater the number of species a plot of land had, the greater the amount of plant material produced in that ...
Herbivory in Crabs: Adaptations and Ecological
... SYNOPSIS. Plant material is the major source of nutrition for many species of crabs in both marine and terrestrial habitats. Physical and chemical characteristics of plants can lead to difficulties in harvesting and ingestion, to low digestability, unpalatability and toxicity, and to deficiencies in ...
... SYNOPSIS. Plant material is the major source of nutrition for many species of crabs in both marine and terrestrial habitats. Physical and chemical characteristics of plants can lead to difficulties in harvesting and ingestion, to low digestability, unpalatability and toxicity, and to deficiencies in ...
ABSTRACT Title of Document:
... dominant detritivore, herbivore, and predator species across a 1660 km latitudinal gradient. Detritivorous Littoraria snails that abound on low-latitude marshes modify Spartina vegetation structure and create an unfavorable habitat for Pardosa spiders. Pardosa exert stronger predation pressure on Pr ...
... dominant detritivore, herbivore, and predator species across a 1660 km latitudinal gradient. Detritivorous Littoraria snails that abound on low-latitude marshes modify Spartina vegetation structure and create an unfavorable habitat for Pardosa spiders. Pardosa exert stronger predation pressure on Pr ...
pdf file - UNM Biology - University of New Mexico
... of precipitation, plant response, and rodent dynamics, apparently because of differences in summer precipitation. Winter precipitation, including that associated with El Niño, comes from frontal storm systems that originate over the Pacific Ocean and then travel eastward across the southwestern Unit ...
... of precipitation, plant response, and rodent dynamics, apparently because of differences in summer precipitation. Winter precipitation, including that associated with El Niño, comes from frontal storm systems that originate over the Pacific Ocean and then travel eastward across the southwestern Unit ...
Intracolonial demography, biomass and Macrotermes natalensis (Haviland) (Isoptera: Termitidae) colonies in the
... has northern and southern limits roughly coinciding with the mean annual isotherm of 10°C. Thus, globally they occur mainly between 45°N and S latitudes, other than on high altitudes where it is too cold or in deserts where food is unavailable (Harris 1969). Many termites are found in arid regions w ...
... has northern and southern limits roughly coinciding with the mean annual isotherm of 10°C. Thus, globally they occur mainly between 45°N and S latitudes, other than on high altitudes where it is too cold or in deserts where food is unavailable (Harris 1969). Many termites are found in arid regions w ...
Seasonal succession in fishless ponds: effects
... Daphnia populations. However, large Daphnia commonly exhibit midsummer extinctions in ponds lacking planktivorous fish. A number of empirical and theoretical studies suggest that resource competition and its interaction with nutrient enrichment may determine variable dominance by large Daphnia. Low ...
... Daphnia populations. However, large Daphnia commonly exhibit midsummer extinctions in ponds lacking planktivorous fish. A number of empirical and theoretical studies suggest that resource competition and its interaction with nutrient enrichment may determine variable dominance by large Daphnia. Low ...
PDF, 2241 KB - URPP GCB
... neighbor phenotypes and determines ecological community structure.......................................... 94 Genomic and transcriptomic studies reveal that drought is a key environmental factor for diversification and flowering in a tropical tree family, Dipterocarpaceae. ......................... ...
... neighbor phenotypes and determines ecological community structure.......................................... 94 Genomic and transcriptomic studies reveal that drought is a key environmental factor for diversification and flowering in a tropical tree family, Dipterocarpaceae. ......................... ...
Positive interactions between the lichen Usnea antarctica
... widespread lichen U. antarctica, while only one species (U. aurantiaco-atra) showed a negative association with U. antarctica. Survival of Deschampsia was enhanced when growing associated with U. antarctica cushions. Our results indicate that cushions ameliorated the extreme conditions of Antarctic ...
... widespread lichen U. antarctica, while only one species (U. aurantiaco-atra) showed a negative association with U. antarctica. Survival of Deschampsia was enhanced when growing associated with U. antarctica cushions. Our results indicate that cushions ameliorated the extreme conditions of Antarctic ...
Theme 1. Protection of Natural Resources
... diversity reduced at an alarming rate due to the impact of our growing human population and increasing resource consumption rates. The global decline of biodiversity is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental issues facing humanity. Recognition of the worldwide impact of the decline ...
... diversity reduced at an alarming rate due to the impact of our growing human population and increasing resource consumption rates. The global decline of biodiversity is now recognized as one of the most serious environmental issues facing humanity. Recognition of the worldwide impact of the decline ...
A review of factors limiting recovery of Pacific herring stocks in Canada
... More recently, transect-specific integrated acoustic (using a different target strength) and trawl-survey estimates off Vancouver Island have become available for 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007. Although not ideal, biomass estimates from the periods before and after 1992 were com ...
... More recently, transect-specific integrated acoustic (using a different target strength) and trawl-survey estimates off Vancouver Island have become available for 1992, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, and 2007. Although not ideal, biomass estimates from the periods before and after 1992 were com ...
Mechanisms and mitigation of food web change in stream ecosystems
... Commissioner for the Environment indicate that expansion will continue to increase for at least another ten years (PCE 2004; MacLeod & Moller 2006). Furthermore, many of the small streams that cross the Canterbury Plains, which have the potential to be reservoirs of biodiversity (Ver- ...
... Commissioner for the Environment indicate that expansion will continue to increase for at least another ten years (PCE 2004; MacLeod & Moller 2006). Furthermore, many of the small streams that cross the Canterbury Plains, which have the potential to be reservoirs of biodiversity (Ver- ...
A brown-world cascade in the dung decomposer food web of an
... Alpine meadows, like high-latitude and cold regions generally, are especially sensitive to global warming (Walker et al. 2001). Many experiments conducted in these cold regions have demonstrated that increased temperature tends to directly enhance plant productivity (e.g., Kudo and Suzuki 2003). How ...
... Alpine meadows, like high-latitude and cold regions generally, are especially sensitive to global warming (Walker et al. 2001). Many experiments conducted in these cold regions have demonstrated that increased temperature tends to directly enhance plant productivity (e.g., Kudo and Suzuki 2003). How ...
Intra- and interspecific competition among coexisting lotic snails
... not appear to be controlled by predators. Annual secondary production of these snails is moderate ( :2500 mg/m2), but in contrast to many other streams in Alabama, E. cahawbensis and E. carinifera continue to grow during the winter months at Hendrick Mill Branch due to relatively high winter tempera ...
... not appear to be controlled by predators. Annual secondary production of these snails is moderate ( :2500 mg/m2), but in contrast to many other streams in Alabama, E. cahawbensis and E. carinifera continue to grow during the winter months at Hendrick Mill Branch due to relatively high winter tempera ...
fred and idah schultz preserve land
... Freshwater Marsh and Pond. Approximately 10 acres of freshwater wetlands were created by this project. The freshwater wetlands provide important wildlife habitat, especially for white ibis. White ibis hatchlings cannot tolerate saltwater fish and require freshwater fish during their early developmen ...
... Freshwater Marsh and Pond. Approximately 10 acres of freshwater wetlands were created by this project. The freshwater wetlands provide important wildlife habitat, especially for white ibis. White ibis hatchlings cannot tolerate saltwater fish and require freshwater fish during their early developmen ...
生態學 - 國立臺南大學
... • Michael Begon is Professor of Ecology in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Liverpool. He has authored several books in addition to Ecology and around 150 research articles. His current research interests are focused on the population ecology of pathogens in wildlife population ...
... • Michael Begon is Professor of Ecology in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Liverpool. He has authored several books in addition to Ecology and around 150 research articles. His current research interests are focused on the population ecology of pathogens in wildlife population ...
The Mutualistic Niche
... versus ZNGIA in Figure 1d). When directly measuring per capita fitness and death rates is not possible (as in long-lived tree species), suitable reaction norms must be developed as proxies for R∗ (e.g., the use of plant biomass in Figure 1b). The second niche component, the impact niche, describes t ...
... versus ZNGIA in Figure 1d). When directly measuring per capita fitness and death rates is not possible (as in long-lived tree species), suitable reaction norms must be developed as proxies for R∗ (e.g., the use of plant biomass in Figure 1b). The second niche component, the impact niche, describes t ...
Retention Time and the Functional Response of Beavers J. M.
... ter was provided ad libitu~nat all times. Beavers were tlmc Subsequent obrervations ver~fiedthat beavers u5uheld in the cages for no more than 9 weeks. ally cut saphngs and dragged them to the pond befoie Retention times and ad libitum intake rates were re- conwmtng them, as the) commonly do In natu ...
... ter was provided ad libitu~nat all times. Beavers were tlmc Subsequent obrervations ver~fiedthat beavers u5uheld in the cages for no more than 9 weeks. ally cut saphngs and dragged them to the pond befoie Retention times and ad libitum intake rates were re- conwmtng them, as the) commonly do In natu ...
Document
... standing stocks increased from 1.0 to 1.3 g C m22 by day 28, and declined to initial values thereafter (Fig. 1A). Standing stocks outside the patch remained remarkably constant at 0.7 + 0.04 g C m22 (Fig. 1B). While total standing stocks varied little both inside and outside the patch, there was con ...
... standing stocks increased from 1.0 to 1.3 g C m22 by day 28, and declined to initial values thereafter (Fig. 1A). Standing stocks outside the patch remained remarkably constant at 0.7 + 0.04 g C m22 (Fig. 1B). While total standing stocks varied little both inside and outside the patch, there was con ...
Supplementary Online Material
... and nitrogen deposition) on one common type of species interaction (foliar herbivory). Arrows a, b and c are direct effects, whereas arrows d, e, and f moderate the direct effects (of a, b and c respectively). Climate change may have direct effects on herbivory (arrow b), with performance (Johns & H ...
... and nitrogen deposition) on one common type of species interaction (foliar herbivory). Arrows a, b and c are direct effects, whereas arrows d, e, and f moderate the direct effects (of a, b and c respectively). Climate change may have direct effects on herbivory (arrow b), with performance (Johns & H ...
The contributions of livestock species and breeds to
... Grazing and browsing can have a positive effect on the composition of vegetation and associated biodiversity. When managed correctly, livestock grazing can increase land cover, plant productivity and biodiversity. This has positive effects on water infiltration and filtering, reduces soil erosion an ...
... Grazing and browsing can have a positive effect on the composition of vegetation and associated biodiversity. When managed correctly, livestock grazing can increase land cover, plant productivity and biodiversity. This has positive effects on water infiltration and filtering, reduces soil erosion an ...
Chapter 5 Biotic interactions and temporal patterns forLandslide
... surrounding vegetation and its phenological status). The current disturbance regime is also influential in determining the course of landslide succession. Once a landslide is triggered, microsite conditions drive the successional response. These conditions include legacies of undisturbed patches of ...
... surrounding vegetation and its phenological status). The current disturbance regime is also influential in determining the course of landslide succession. Once a landslide is triggered, microsite conditions drive the successional response. These conditions include legacies of undisturbed patches of ...
long-term prospects for certified organic aquaculture products
... these systems, untreated release of effluents and exposure to chemical drift. Although these problems are not necessarily barriers, they can be considered limitations to organic certification by some standardizing bodies. Although this issue may be particularly contentious in the USA, within Europe ...
... these systems, untreated release of effluents and exposure to chemical drift. Although these problems are not necessarily barriers, they can be considered limitations to organic certification by some standardizing bodies. Although this issue may be particularly contentious in the USA, within Europe ...
Stable isotope analyses of benthic organisms in Lake Baikal
... Haines & Montague, 1979; Rau, 1980, 1981). For example, δ 13 C enrichment of less than 1‰ was reported for whole animal bodies (DeNiro & Epstein, 1978; McConnaughey & McRoy, 1979; Rau et al., 1983). In fact, since the δ 13 C value of organisms is close to that of the food bases in their food chain, ...
... Haines & Montague, 1979; Rau, 1980, 1981). For example, δ 13 C enrichment of less than 1‰ was reported for whole animal bodies (DeNiro & Epstein, 1978; McConnaughey & McRoy, 1979; Rau et al., 1983). In fact, since the δ 13 C value of organisms is close to that of the food bases in their food chain, ...
Organic Regulation Toolkit for Governments
... Farm Unit: The total area of land under control of one farmer or a collective of farmers, including all the farming activities or enterprises. Genetic Diversity: The variability among living organisms from agricultural, forest and aquatic ecosystems; this includes diversity within species and betwee ...
... Farm Unit: The total area of land under control of one farmer or a collective of farmers, including all the farming activities or enterprises. Genetic Diversity: The variability among living organisms from agricultural, forest and aquatic ecosystems; this includes diversity within species and betwee ...