Interlingua Based English Hindi Machine Translation and Language
... situations where translation among multiple languages is involved, and can be used as a knowledge-representation scheme. But given a particular interlingua, its adoption depends on its ability (a) to capture the knowledge in texts precisely and accurately and (b) to handle cross-language divergences ...
... situations where translation among multiple languages is involved, and can be used as a knowledge-representation scheme. But given a particular interlingua, its adoption depends on its ability (a) to capture the knowledge in texts precisely and accurately and (b) to handle cross-language divergences ...
320 pages - Institutionen för filosofi, lingvistik och vetenskapsteori
... supporting children in their text production and grammar emerged from a study on how primary school children write by hand in comparison to when they use a computer. Special thanks to my colleague Torbjörn Lager, who inspired me to do this study and whose children attended the school where I gather ...
... supporting children in their text production and grammar emerged from a study on how primary school children write by hand in comparison to when they use a computer. Special thanks to my colleague Torbjörn Lager, who inspired me to do this study and whose children attended the school where I gather ...
Participles in Time. The Development of the Perfect Tense
... tense from a construction with possessive HAVE and a tenseless participial complement. Both participles and auxiliary are assumed to have internal syntactic structure, and the different perfect-type constructions can thus be related synchronically and diachronically to each other. Cross-linguistic v ...
... tense from a construction with possessive HAVE and a tenseless participial complement. Both participles and auxiliary are assumed to have internal syntactic structure, and the different perfect-type constructions can thus be related synchronically and diachronically to each other. Cross-linguistic v ...
Yegana Baghirova MA thesis - Khazar University Institutional
... In all the languages the term grammar is considered as a set of structural rules which govern the structure of clauses, phrases, and words in all free languages. Analysis of grammar rules is also defined as a part of grammar. Syntax, phonology, morphology including phonetics, semantics and pragmatic ...
... In all the languages the term grammar is considered as a set of structural rules which govern the structure of clauses, phrases, and words in all free languages. Analysis of grammar rules is also defined as a part of grammar. Syntax, phonology, morphology including phonetics, semantics and pragmatic ...
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Issue: Degree Adverbs
... finding, some possible categories following degree adverbs, such as adjectives, psych-verbs, auxiliaries, demonstratives and pronouns, are listed individually in the dictionary. As for Zhu (1956, 1982), he focuses the study on the relation between degree adverbs and two categories (adjective and psy ...
... finding, some possible categories following degree adverbs, such as adjectives, psych-verbs, auxiliaries, demonstratives and pronouns, are listed individually in the dictionary. As for Zhu (1956, 1982), he focuses the study on the relation between degree adverbs and two categories (adjective and psy ...
Voice and Case in Tagalog:
... that show active and inactive marking, the agent is the syntactic pivot with verbs marked as active and the patient with verbs marked as inactive. Finally, in languages that exhibit active and middle marking, the syntactic pivot is often said to be the argument denoting the unaffected argument in ac ...
... that show active and inactive marking, the agent is the syntactic pivot with verbs marked as active and the patient with verbs marked as inactive. Finally, in languages that exhibit active and middle marking, the syntactic pivot is often said to be the argument denoting the unaffected argument in ac ...
Theoretical Approaches to Locative Inversion
... In addition to the linear reversal, locative inversion is often thought of as a process that reverses the grammatical relations of the participants. Evidence for this comes from agreement, as shown by the example above: After reversal, the theme tsîme no longer triggers subject agreement. It is now ...
... In addition to the linear reversal, locative inversion is often thought of as a process that reverses the grammatical relations of the participants. Evidence for this comes from agreement, as shown by the example above: After reversal, the theme tsîme no longer triggers subject agreement. It is now ...
Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study
... Based on the systematic analysis of large amounts of computer-readable text, this book shows how the English language has been changing in the recent past, often in unexpected and previously undocumented ways. The study is based on a group of matching corpora, known as the ‘Brown family’ of corpora, ...
... Based on the systematic analysis of large amounts of computer-readable text, this book shows how the English language has been changing in the recent past, often in unexpected and previously undocumented ways. The study is based on a group of matching corpora, known as the ‘Brown family’ of corpora, ...
Lenition of the Conjugated Prepositions in Irish and Welsh
... Avestan and Old Slavic cognates point to a reconstruction in a final nasal consonant 3, which means that the pronoun should go back to *mene4. However, this ending would have caused nasalisation, instead of lenition. For this reason, it is generally believed that the lenition observed after the 1sg ...
... Avestan and Old Slavic cognates point to a reconstruction in a final nasal consonant 3, which means that the pronoun should go back to *mene4. However, this ending would have caused nasalisation, instead of lenition. For this reason, it is generally believed that the lenition observed after the 1sg ...
a lexical semantic study of four-character sino
... there is an argument relation between the constituents if the head's lexical semantic requirement is fulfilled by the non-head constituent, while the relation is adjunct if it is not fulfilled. The constituents of compounds with a regular noun head are in an attributive relation, and the relation ca ...
... there is an argument relation between the constituents if the head's lexical semantic requirement is fulfilled by the non-head constituent, while the relation is adjunct if it is not fulfilled. The constituents of compounds with a regular noun head are in an attributive relation, and the relation ca ...
LEXICAL NEGATION IN ENGLISH: THE CASE OF UN- AND IN-
... Abstract: In- and un- are two negative prefixes that may appear to be quite similar both semantically and morphologically. In some cases, particularly when the adjectives are used predicatively, in- and un- can easily be glossed by not: ‘This is impossible’ is more or less interchangeable with ‘This ...
... Abstract: In- and un- are two negative prefixes that may appear to be quite similar both semantically and morphologically. In some cases, particularly when the adjectives are used predicatively, in- and un- can easily be glossed by not: ‘This is impossible’ is more or less interchangeable with ‘This ...
Hausa Verbal Compounds
... (not in VEHICLE) addresses participant (sometimes in VEHICLE), naming a situation ................................183 6.2.1.4 Metonymy in Hausa verbal compounds: a summary.........184 6.2.2 Metaphor in marked V+X and PAC+V compounds..........184 6.2.2.1 Metaphor between VEHICLE and TARGET .......... ...
... (not in VEHICLE) addresses participant (sometimes in VEHICLE), naming a situation ................................183 6.2.1.4 Metonymy in Hausa verbal compounds: a summary.........184 6.2.2 Metaphor in marked V+X and PAC+V compounds..........184 6.2.2.1 Metaphor between VEHICLE and TARGET .......... ...
the structure of complex predicates in urdu
... literature I was not aware of, and deceptively mildly insisted that I do things properly. This dissertation would not be as thorough without his input. Paul Kiparsky and Veneeta Dayal joined the committee as the dissertation was already well under way, but had an immediate and pronounced effect. Pau ...
... literature I was not aware of, and deceptively mildly insisted that I do things properly. This dissertation would not be as thorough without his input. Paul Kiparsky and Veneeta Dayal joined the committee as the dissertation was already well under way, but had an immediate and pronounced effect. Pau ...
Grammar and Writing Grade 5 Sampler
... are designed to guide students through the process of composing a complete essay. This program also contains suggested journal topics for more writing practice and weekly dictations for practice in spelling and punctuation. This program includes lessons on capitalization, punctuation, parts of speec ...
... are designed to guide students through the process of composing a complete essay. This program also contains suggested journal topics for more writing practice and weekly dictations for practice in spelling and punctuation. This program includes lessons on capitalization, punctuation, parts of speec ...
alas completo pdf - AMS Acta
... We excluded the inclusion of a glottal stop phoneme, for the status of /k/ syllable final seems to be clear also form a comparative point of view (the same occurs in Malay). On the other hand this could lead to the simplification of the types of syllables postulating each V syllable as really a sequ ...
... We excluded the inclusion of a glottal stop phoneme, for the status of /k/ syllable final seems to be clear also form a comparative point of view (the same occurs in Malay). On the other hand this could lead to the simplification of the types of syllables postulating each V syllable as really a sequ ...
User`s Guide
... Create an entry, enter the source word, and enter the target word or words. Then enter semantic and contextual information that will help the translation engine choose the appropriate target word. 3. Build a user dictionary Once you have entered your words, save the dictionary in a format that the W ...
... Create an entry, enter the source word, and enter the target word or words. Then enter semantic and contextual information that will help the translation engine choose the appropriate target word. 3. Build a user dictionary Once you have entered your words, save the dictionary in a format that the W ...
Grammar and Language Workbook
... Marcy sent her brother a present. 4. A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative. The trucks were red. (adjective) She became an excellent swimmer. (nominative) 5. A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. We had bee ...
... Marcy sent her brother a present. 4. A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative. The trucks were red. (adjective) She became an excellent swimmer. (nominative) 5. A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. We had bee ...
příčestí přítomné ve funkci premodifikátoru a postmodifikátoru
... range where it belongs. Since the English present participle is one of English verb forms, we first move our attention to English verbs themselves. “Verbs typically express actions (e.g. writing) or states (e.g. being) and inflect for tense and aspect (e.g. write vs. wrote), person and number (e.g. ...
... range where it belongs. Since the English present participle is one of English verb forms, we first move our attention to English verbs themselves. “Verbs typically express actions (e.g. writing) or states (e.g. being) and inflect for tense and aspect (e.g. write vs. wrote), person and number (e.g. ...
Reciprocals in Yukaghir languages
... 'Those Yukaghirs and those Evens understood each other's language; since they understood each other's language, they helped each other.' (< medi:- 'to hear, to perceive, to understand' (vt)). It should be stressed that these sentences cannot be described as resulting from attaching the reciprocal su ...
... 'Those Yukaghirs and those Evens understood each other's language; since they understood each other's language, they helped each other.' (< medi:- 'to hear, to perceive, to understand' (vt)). It should be stressed that these sentences cannot be described as resulting from attaching the reciprocal su ...
English suffixes: Stress-assignment properties, productivity
... 19.1 Noun-verb and verb-noun conversion...............................443 19.2 Adjective-noun and noun-adjective conversion................449 19.3 Adjective/verb conversion.................................................451 ...
... 19.1 Noun-verb and verb-noun conversion...............................443 19.2 Adjective-noun and noun-adjective conversion................449 19.3 Adjective/verb conversion.................................................451 ...
On the linguistic complexity of proper names
... It was [ PP under the chair ] that I think I left my coat. c. * It was [ VP go home early ] that John did. d. * It was [ AP very angry at me ] that John was. Stowell 1981 argues that the constraint is categorial: only [- V] projections can be clefted. He further claims that the constraint cannot be ...
... It was [ PP under the chair ] that I think I left my coat. c. * It was [ VP go home early ] that John did. d. * It was [ AP very angry at me ] that John was. Stowell 1981 argues that the constraint is categorial: only [- V] projections can be clefted. He further claims that the constraint cannot be ...
The Latvian dative and genitive: A Cognitive Grammar - DUO
... My first encounter with the Latvian case system was in August 1991, when I arrived in Riga to spend a year in Latvia as an exchange student. As I gradually mastered the language, I was struck by what I saw as the simplicity and logic of the Latvian case system. The fact that my fascination for the s ...
... My first encounter with the Latvian case system was in August 1991, when I arrived in Riga to spend a year in Latvia as an exchange student. As I gradually mastered the language, I was struck by what I saw as the simplicity and logic of the Latvian case system. The fact that my fascination for the s ...
FrameNet II: Extended Theory and Practice
... However, the frames evoked by artifact and natural kind nouns rarely dominate the clauses in which they occur, and so are seldom selected as targets of annotation. Formally, FrameNet annotations are constellations of triples that make up the frame element realization for each annotated sentence, eac ...
... However, the frames evoked by artifact and natural kind nouns rarely dominate the clauses in which they occur, and so are seldom selected as targets of annotation. Formally, FrameNet annotations are constellations of triples that make up the frame element realization for each annotated sentence, eac ...
Different forms, different meanings?
... know according to what criteria to prefer one over others in given contexts. The above observation is particularly relevant to the English language. Because of its history, English is particularly rich in synonyms and near-synonyms of Germanic and Latin-Romance origin. Its vocabulary often appears t ...
... know according to what criteria to prefer one over others in given contexts. The above observation is particularly relevant to the English language. Because of its history, English is particularly rich in synonyms and near-synonyms of Germanic and Latin-Romance origin. Its vocabulary often appears t ...
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called conjugation, and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called declension.An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ducam, meaning ""I will lead"", includes the suffix -am, expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause ""I will lead"", the word lead is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb.The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word cars is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme car is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix -s is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word cars.Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb must is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context.Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in ""the choir sings"", ""choir"" is a singular noun, so ""sing"" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix ""s"".Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating.