pathophysiology of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
... source of much controversy (2). Some investigators argue that most cases of ADHD remit by adulthood (3), a view that questions the validity of the diagnosis in adulthood. Others argue that the diagnosis of ADHD in adults is both reliable and valid (2). These investigators point to longitudinal studi ...
... source of much controversy (2). Some investigators argue that most cases of ADHD remit by adulthood (3), a view that questions the validity of the diagnosis in adulthood. Others argue that the diagnosis of ADHD in adults is both reliable and valid (2). These investigators point to longitudinal studi ...
Some Fiber Projections to the Superior Colliculus in the Cat`
... Degenerated fibers were observed in all animals in the pretectum, though the number of degenerated fibers was considerably greater in those animals which had ventrally placed geniculate lesions. These degenerated fibers reached the pretectum by way of the medial aspect of the optic tract and the lat ...
... Degenerated fibers were observed in all animals in the pretectum, though the number of degenerated fibers was considerably greater in those animals which had ventrally placed geniculate lesions. These degenerated fibers reached the pretectum by way of the medial aspect of the optic tract and the lat ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... et al. 2015). Reconstruction of Cdh1–APC by cryo-EM has largely confirmed the triangular shape of Cdh1–APC delineated by a lattice-like shell comprised of a catalytic “platform” and an “arc lamp” scaffolding structure (Fig. 1; Chang et al. 2014; Yamaguchi et al. 2015). Positioned at the periphery of ...
... et al. 2015). Reconstruction of Cdh1–APC by cryo-EM has largely confirmed the triangular shape of Cdh1–APC delineated by a lattice-like shell comprised of a catalytic “platform” and an “arc lamp” scaffolding structure (Fig. 1; Chang et al. 2014; Yamaguchi et al. 2015). Positioned at the periphery of ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
... be time-limited to the extent that, under test conditions explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficient to produce a maximal phase shift, more photons at the same time or up to 2 h later have no additional effect on phase shift magnitude (Nelson and Takahashi, 1999). In such cases, the circad ...
... be time-limited to the extent that, under test conditions explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficient to produce a maximal phase shift, more photons at the same time or up to 2 h later have no additional effect on phase shift magnitude (Nelson and Takahashi, 1999). In such cases, the circad ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... VI) was placed into the electrode and allowed to diffuse into the tips for 24 h. These electrodes were bevelled just before recording to impedances of 80–120 MV. In cases where stable intra-axonal penetrations with resting membrane potentials more negative than 040 mV were maintained from well-chara ...
... VI) was placed into the electrode and allowed to diffuse into the tips for 24 h. These electrodes were bevelled just before recording to impedances of 80–120 MV. In cases where stable intra-axonal penetrations with resting membrane potentials more negative than 040 mV were maintained from well-chara ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... covered. Rhythmicity as an oecophysiological adaptation involves almost every facet of crustacean biology and comprises developmental, physiological, sensory, and behavioural aspects of several species. Of special importance are photoperiodically controlled rhythmical phenomena in locomotory activit ...
... covered. Rhythmicity as an oecophysiological adaptation involves almost every facet of crustacean biology and comprises developmental, physiological, sensory, and behavioural aspects of several species. Of special importance are photoperiodically controlled rhythmical phenomena in locomotory activit ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... conditioned SCRs in men (Jackson et al., 2006). A stressor applied between acquisition and extinction in operant conditioning increased behavioural resistance to extinction (Schwabe and Wolf, 2011). Furthermore, stress after extinction of contextual fear increased extinction recall on a separate day ...
... conditioned SCRs in men (Jackson et al., 2006). A stressor applied between acquisition and extinction in operant conditioning increased behavioural resistance to extinction (Schwabe and Wolf, 2011). Furthermore, stress after extinction of contextual fear increased extinction recall on a separate day ...
Cortisol modifies extinction learning of recently acquired fear in men
... conditioned SCRs in men (Jackson et al., 2006). A stressor applied between acquisition and extinction in operant conditioning increased behavioural resistance to extinction (Schwabe and Wolf, 2011). Furthermore, stress after extinction of contextual fear increased extinction recall on a separate day ...
... conditioned SCRs in men (Jackson et al., 2006). A stressor applied between acquisition and extinction in operant conditioning increased behavioural resistance to extinction (Schwabe and Wolf, 2011). Furthermore, stress after extinction of contextual fear increased extinction recall on a separate day ...
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are
... olfactory axon guidance, the cues responsible for generating the topographic map remain elusive. Where are these cues for convergence and targeting localised? Recent analyses of mice with a reduced complement of mitral cells have suggested that these postsynaptic neurons are not involved in the sort ...
... olfactory axon guidance, the cues responsible for generating the topographic map remain elusive. Where are these cues for convergence and targeting localised? Recent analyses of mice with a reduced complement of mitral cells have suggested that these postsynaptic neurons are not involved in the sort ...
Anatomy & Physiology I
... در داخل یا در نزدیک سطح بدن موقعیت دارد معلومات درباره محیطی خارجی تهیه میکند درد، حرارت، لرزه، فشار، تماس، ذایقه، بوی، دیدinteroreceptors سیستم عصبی، اعضای داخلی، در رگ های خون معلومات را درباره محیط داخلی تهیه میکند سیاله ها معموال بصورت شعوری در دریافت نمی گرددPr ...
... در داخل یا در نزدیک سطح بدن موقعیت دارد معلومات درباره محیطی خارجی تهیه میکند درد، حرارت، لرزه، فشار، تماس، ذایقه، بوی، دیدinteroreceptors سیستم عصبی، اعضای داخلی، در رگ های خون معلومات را درباره محیط داخلی تهیه میکند سیاله ها معموال بصورت شعوری در دریافت نمی گرددPr ...
MARCKS modulates radial progenitor placement
... Moreover, PIP2 has recently been shown to complex with key components of the polarity machinery, including PTEN, CDC42 and aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Ma ...
... Moreover, PIP2 has recently been shown to complex with key components of the polarity machinery, including PTEN, CDC42 and aPKCζ. The loss of aPKCζ or PIP2 localization causes apically confined signaling proteins to lose their polarized expression (Imai et al., 2006; Martin-Belmonte et al., 2007; Ma ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
... potentials in motor cortex has focused on the relationship of synchronous oscillations to movement and to single unit activity (Sanes and Donoghue, 1993;Eckhorn and Obermueller, 1993;Murthy and Fetz, 1996a;Baker et al., 1999), but the character of the evoked potential in this area and its relationsh ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... potassium currents (34, 35). Our modeling studies have demonstrated that the reduction of these currents may change the balance between the potassium currents and persistent sodium current, allowing the latter to overcome the former. This, in turn, may release the persistent sodium-dependent intrins ...
... potassium currents (34, 35). Our modeling studies have demonstrated that the reduction of these currents may change the balance between the potassium currents and persistent sodium current, allowing the latter to overcome the former. This, in turn, may release the persistent sodium-dependent intrins ...
Actin in Axons: Stable Scaffolds and Dynamic Filaments
... polymerization; (3) cap F-actin barbed ends to inhibit polymerization; (4) cap pointed ends to inhibit depolymerization; (5) bind barbed ends to inhibit capping; (6) bind pointed ends to promote depolymerization; (7) bundle, crosslink or stabilize F-actin; (8) sever actin filaments; (9) move cargo a ...
... polymerization; (3) cap F-actin barbed ends to inhibit polymerization; (4) cap pointed ends to inhibit depolymerization; (5) bind barbed ends to inhibit capping; (6) bind pointed ends to promote depolymerization; (7) bundle, crosslink or stabilize F-actin; (8) sever actin filaments; (9) move cargo a ...
Effects of Reversible Inactivation of the Primate Mesencephalic
... efference copy) whose output was reset to zero at the end of each saccade. The purpose of the NI was to hold the eyes steady following the occurrence of each saccade while the output of the RI was used to update higher structures of the current displacement of the eyes. The NI for the horizontal sac ...
... efference copy) whose output was reset to zero at the end of each saccade. The purpose of the NI was to hold the eyes steady following the occurrence of each saccade while the output of the RI was used to update higher structures of the current displacement of the eyes. The NI for the horizontal sac ...
Preview Sample 3
... 5. Perhaps the main reason that neurons can communicate over relatively great distances within the body is the fact that neurons contain: a. a long axon b. a large cell body c. many dendrites d. a variety of neurotransmitters Answer: a Page: 51 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Difficulty: Moderate APA Go ...
... 5. Perhaps the main reason that neurons can communicate over relatively great distances within the body is the fact that neurons contain: a. a long axon b. a large cell body c. many dendrites d. a variety of neurotransmitters Answer: a Page: 51 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Synthesis Difficulty: Moderate APA Go ...
1 - TEST BANK 360
... 23. Regarding neurotransmission, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Neurotransmitters always increase the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire. b. Neurotransmitters may decrease the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire. c. A given neuron’s dendrites receive either only exc ...
... 23. Regarding neurotransmission, which of the following statements is TRUE? a. Neurotransmitters always increase the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire. b. Neurotransmitters may decrease the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire. c. A given neuron’s dendrites receive either only exc ...
RESULTATS Capítol 1 __________________________________________________________________________ 71
... accumulate (Figure 1A). Lower expression levels were detected in the emerging DG at these stages (Figure 1A). In newborn mice, mdab1 expression was detected in postmitotic neurons of the EC, including lower and upper layers (layers II-III), which also express reelin (Figures 1B,C). In the P0 HP, exp ...
... accumulate (Figure 1A). Lower expression levels were detected in the emerging DG at these stages (Figure 1A). In newborn mice, mdab1 expression was detected in postmitotic neurons of the EC, including lower and upper layers (layers II-III), which also express reelin (Figures 1B,C). In the P0 HP, exp ...
Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum
... showed that, in untrained monkeys, random and unexpected presentations of juice rewards (unconditioned stimuli) on the tongue correlated with bursts of electrophysiological activity (action potential spikes) from 60–80% of dopamine neurons recorded. However, after repeated cue–reward pairings, dopam ...
... showed that, in untrained monkeys, random and unexpected presentations of juice rewards (unconditioned stimuli) on the tongue correlated with bursts of electrophysiological activity (action potential spikes) from 60–80% of dopamine neurons recorded. However, after repeated cue–reward pairings, dopam ...
Histamine in the Nervous System
... other biogenic amines, is determined by the bioavailability of the precursor; histidine is taken up into the cerebrospinal fluid and neurons through L-amino acid transporters (Fig. 2). HDC activity can be inhibited by ␣-fluoromethylhistidine (␣-FMH), a suicide substrate leading to a marked depressio ...
... other biogenic amines, is determined by the bioavailability of the precursor; histidine is taken up into the cerebrospinal fluid and neurons through L-amino acid transporters (Fig. 2). HDC activity can be inhibited by ␣-fluoromethylhistidine (␣-FMH), a suicide substrate leading to a marked depressio ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The tonotopy set limits to the frequency resolution, but under selective attention the freque ...
... inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The tonotopy set limits to the frequency resolution, but under selective attention the freque ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... glutamatergic transmission. Anatomically, the VTA receives substantial glutamatergic inputs from cortical and subcortical structures25. These excitatory inputs synapse on DA and GABA neurons25,30 (FIG. 2), and can therefore modulate the activity of both cell types.Various studies have indicated that ...
... glutamatergic transmission. Anatomically, the VTA receives substantial glutamatergic inputs from cortical and subcortical structures25. These excitatory inputs synapse on DA and GABA neurons25,30 (FIG. 2), and can therefore modulate the activity of both cell types.Various studies have indicated that ...
The Roles of the Amygdala and the Hippocampus in Fear
... specific stimulus and measures how the responses change after learning. In the pre-training stage, the rat receives a light or a tone (CS), which is a neutral stimulus that does not evoke any fearful response in the rat. However, as the rat receives a foot shock (US), it elicits a startle- or freezi ...
... specific stimulus and measures how the responses change after learning. In the pre-training stage, the rat receives a light or a tone (CS), which is a neutral stimulus that does not evoke any fearful response in the rat. However, as the rat receives a foot shock (US), it elicits a startle- or freezi ...
Chapter 2 Reivew of Lierature
... c. Clonidine: It is α2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It acts on brain to reduce sympathetic neural outflow that results in symptoms like sedation and anxiolysis, as well as potential hypotension, bradycardia, and dry mouth. It brings calming and anxiolytic effects to the subject who is trying to quit ...
... c. Clonidine: It is α2-adrenergic receptor agonist. It acts on brain to reduce sympathetic neural outflow that results in symptoms like sedation and anxiolysis, as well as potential hypotension, bradycardia, and dry mouth. It brings calming and anxiolytic effects to the subject who is trying to quit ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.