Electrophysiological markers of Rapid Eye Movements in
... Rapid eye movements can be defined as fast rotatory ocular movements. This definition embraces a great variety of eye movements including saccades performed by awake individuals, a phenomenon extensively studied and one of the hallmarks of cognitive sciences. Saccades permit individuals to rapidly m ...
... Rapid eye movements can be defined as fast rotatory ocular movements. This definition embraces a great variety of eye movements including saccades performed by awake individuals, a phenomenon extensively studied and one of the hallmarks of cognitive sciences. Saccades permit individuals to rapidly m ...
Paper
... (2002) examined claustrum afferents to lateral prefrontal areas, including areas 8, 9, 12, and 46, and to motor and premotor areas of frontal cortex. These studies showed that projections to area 46 were widespread, and extended along the majority of the rostralcaudal axis of the claustrum (this inc ...
... (2002) examined claustrum afferents to lateral prefrontal areas, including areas 8, 9, 12, and 46, and to motor and premotor areas of frontal cortex. These studies showed that projections to area 46 were widespread, and extended along the majority of the rostralcaudal axis of the claustrum (this inc ...
On-line Optical Operant Conditioning of Cortical Activity
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
... Animals can learn to modify their voluntary behavior to gain rewards in the positive reinforcement form of operant conditioning. It has been shown that animals can also learn to modify neuronal activity that is directly rewarded by using electrophysiological recordings. Electrophysiological approach ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... for a summary of the key effectors of Ca2+ homeostasis, in neurons). Here, we briefly overview the main mechanisms neurons use in order to achieve an intricate regulation of the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ . In addition, we discuss the accumulating evidence on the potential role of deregulate ...
... for a summary of the key effectors of Ca2+ homeostasis, in neurons). Here, we briefly overview the main mechanisms neurons use in order to achieve an intricate regulation of the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ . In addition, we discuss the accumulating evidence on the potential role of deregulate ...
Anatomy and physiology of the esophageal body
... A myogenic control system (MCS) is also reported to regulate esophageal smooth muscle contractions.38–40 MCS is a fundamental property of contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle.40 There are two important characteristics in MCS: oscillation of the electrical control activity of the so-called s ...
... A myogenic control system (MCS) is also reported to regulate esophageal smooth muscle contractions.38–40 MCS is a fundamental property of contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle.40 There are two important characteristics in MCS: oscillation of the electrical control activity of the so-called s ...
Local network regulation of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus
... into the LH/PFA in vivo (114). Whether or not neurons are the source of adenosine in this case remains unresolved, as adenosine is thought to be primarily produced by hydrolysis of astrocyte-derived ATP in the extracellular space by ectonucleotidases (124, 142) and affect neuronal activity (88). In ...
... into the LH/PFA in vivo (114). Whether or not neurons are the source of adenosine in this case remains unresolved, as adenosine is thought to be primarily produced by hydrolysis of astrocyte-derived ATP in the extracellular space by ectonucleotidases (124, 142) and affect neuronal activity (88). In ...
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Insect Brain
... Unlike those of vertebrates, neurons in the insect brain have few, if any, synaptic sites on their cell bodies (somata). Usually, a single neurite extends from the soma and projects to either nearby or distant targets where it provides a highly branched system of synaptic arborizations that may give ...
... Unlike those of vertebrates, neurons in the insect brain have few, if any, synaptic sites on their cell bodies (somata). Usually, a single neurite extends from the soma and projects to either nearby or distant targets where it provides a highly branched system of synaptic arborizations that may give ...
Signal processing methods in Sleep Research
... Slow wave sleep predominates in the first third of the night and is linked to the initiation of sleep. REM sleep predominates in the last 3rd of the night. Wakefulness in sleep usually accounts for less than 5% of the night. N1 generally constitutes 2 to 5% of sleep. N2 generally constitutes 45 to 5 ...
... Slow wave sleep predominates in the first third of the night and is linked to the initiation of sleep. REM sleep predominates in the last 3rd of the night. Wakefulness in sleep usually accounts for less than 5% of the night. N1 generally constitutes 2 to 5% of sleep. N2 generally constitutes 45 to 5 ...
Corpus Callosum
... corpus callosum function definition anatomy body maps - the brain is divided into the right and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally ...
... corpus callosum function definition anatomy body maps - the brain is divided into the right and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... classified as resolving, and cells with numerous small indistinct inputs were classified as nonrefined. Representative recordings obtained from dLGN neurons from a WT and a C1q KO mouse are shown in Figure 5B. As previously reported, we found that by P30 the majority of WT cells were innervated by o ...
... classified as resolving, and cells with numerous small indistinct inputs were classified as nonrefined. Representative recordings obtained from dLGN neurons from a WT and a C1q KO mouse are shown in Figure 5B. As previously reported, we found that by P30 the majority of WT cells were innervated by o ...
The rat ponto-medullary network responsible for paradoxical
... with a current intensity of 100 nA induced a sustained PS-like state while 50 nA applications did not reliably induced such effect. Applications of kainic acid, bicuculline or gabazine with 200 nA current induced a PS-like state rapidly disrupted by agitated waking. Kainic acid ejections during 5 mi ...
... with a current intensity of 100 nA induced a sustained PS-like state while 50 nA applications did not reliably induced such effect. Applications of kainic acid, bicuculline or gabazine with 200 nA current induced a PS-like state rapidly disrupted by agitated waking. Kainic acid ejections during 5 mi ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... both a direct modulation of channel conductances and alteration of ionic homeostasis in the extracellular environment. Specifically, hypoxia suppresses several types of voltage-gated potassium channels (4, 9, 16, 20, 21, 49), activates persistent sodium channels (13, 15, 17), and induces an augmenta ...
... both a direct modulation of channel conductances and alteration of ionic homeostasis in the extracellular environment. Specifically, hypoxia suppresses several types of voltage-gated potassium channels (4, 9, 16, 20, 21, 49), activates persistent sodium channels (13, 15, 17), and induces an augmenta ...
Decreased cohesin in the brain leads to defective synapse
... terminally differentiated neurons by performing immunohistochemistry for Smc3 in mouse brain tissue. Brain sections from postnatal week 6 (P6w) mice were immunostained with anti-Smc3 and anti-NeuN. Smc3 was expressed ubiquitously in the brain in both NeuN-positive and NeuN-negative cells in all laye ...
... terminally differentiated neurons by performing immunohistochemistry for Smc3 in mouse brain tissue. Brain sections from postnatal week 6 (P6w) mice were immunostained with anti-Smc3 and anti-NeuN. Smc3 was expressed ubiquitously in the brain in both NeuN-positive and NeuN-negative cells in all laye ...
- Wiley Online Library
... collaboration starts at the level of the visual inputs (position and velocity errors) that must be shared between both systems and at the level of the decision, i.e. whether an error must be corrected by the smooth pursuit system on its own or by a catch-up saccade. The two inputs are mediated by di ...
... collaboration starts at the level of the visual inputs (position and velocity errors) that must be shared between both systems and at the level of the decision, i.e. whether an error must be corrected by the smooth pursuit system on its own or by a catch-up saccade. The two inputs are mediated by di ...
neuropathology of dopamine systems in schizophrenia
... (Double et al., 2000; Zecca et al., 2008). Within this mesodiencephalic dopaminergic complex, the VTA is located medial to the SN, with both nuclei primarily rostral to the RRA [Figure 1]. Based on morphology, chemical characterization, and cellular organization, the SN can be divided in two distinc ...
... (Double et al., 2000; Zecca et al., 2008). Within this mesodiencephalic dopaminergic complex, the VTA is located medial to the SN, with both nuclei primarily rostral to the RRA [Figure 1]. Based on morphology, chemical characterization, and cellular organization, the SN can be divided in two distinc ...
- The Human Brain
... specific . Furthermore, methodological problems render very controversial results : lesions made in one of the basal ganglia will interrupt also fibres to neighbouring structures ; stimulation studies are frequently performed in the anaesthetized animal ; the electrodes must be truly placed in the t ...
... specific . Furthermore, methodological problems render very controversial results : lesions made in one of the basal ganglia will interrupt also fibres to neighbouring structures ; stimulation studies are frequently performed in the anaesthetized animal ; the electrodes must be truly placed in the t ...
Anatomy and Physiology Challenge Exam Study Guidelines
... Describe the structure of DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes. Describe the structure of genes and the genetic code. Describe the processes of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. Compare passive and active membrane transport mechanisms. Describe simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion ...
... Describe the structure of DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes. Describe the structure of genes and the genetic code. Describe the processes of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. Compare passive and active membrane transport mechanisms. Describe simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion ...
Coincidence Detection or Temporal Integration?
... and Zador, 1998; Harsch and Robinson, 2000; Salinas and Sejnowski, 2000), other evidence suggests that cortical discharge patterns reflect the time-dependent integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs (Bernander et al., 1991; Reich et al., 1997; Troyer and Miller, 1997; Shadlen and Newsome, 199 ...
... and Zador, 1998; Harsch and Robinson, 2000; Salinas and Sejnowski, 2000), other evidence suggests that cortical discharge patterns reflect the time-dependent integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs (Bernander et al., 1991; Reich et al., 1997; Troyer and Miller, 1997; Shadlen and Newsome, 199 ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
... 5-MeO-DMT, respectively, with significant post-hoc differences between 5-MeO-DMT and saline in all posttreatment periods (Fig. 2). Since hallucinogenic drugs are known to have clear effects on the autonomic nervous system and blood pressure (McCall et al., 1987; McCall and Harris, 1988). In order to ...
... 5-MeO-DMT, respectively, with significant post-hoc differences between 5-MeO-DMT and saline in all posttreatment periods (Fig. 2). Since hallucinogenic drugs are known to have clear effects on the autonomic nervous system and blood pressure (McCall et al., 1987; McCall and Harris, 1988). In order to ...
FULL TEXT PDF - Neuroendocrinology Letters
... attention because such work may be considered as providing proxy data for similar investigations conducted upon long extinct species. Indeed, the fossil record reveals little anatomical difference between those hagfish living 300 million years ago and their modern descendants. Accordingly, the hagfi ...
... attention because such work may be considered as providing proxy data for similar investigations conducted upon long extinct species. Indeed, the fossil record reveals little anatomical difference between those hagfish living 300 million years ago and their modern descendants. Accordingly, the hagfi ...
2011-Morrison and Nakamura_review
... The core central thermoregulatory network comprises the fundamental pathways through which cutaneous and visceral cold and warm sensation and/or reductions or elevations in brain temperature elicit changes in thermoregulatory effector tissues to counter or protect against changes in the temperature ...
... The core central thermoregulatory network comprises the fundamental pathways through which cutaneous and visceral cold and warm sensation and/or reductions or elevations in brain temperature elicit changes in thermoregulatory effector tissues to counter or protect against changes in the temperature ...
The subfornical organ: A central nervous system site for actions of
... through activation of receptors in hypothalamic and brain stem neurons (16) . The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is a member of the cytokine family (48). Although five leptin receptor isoforms have been identified (Ob-Ra to Ob-Re ...
... through activation of receptors in hypothalamic and brain stem neurons (16) . The leptin receptor, encoded by the Ob-R gene, was isolated from choroid plexus by expression cloning and is a member of the cytokine family (48). Although five leptin receptor isoforms have been identified (Ob-Ra to Ob-Re ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80653935/Dendrites-Cell-body-Nucleus–Axon-hillockAxon-Signal-direction. ...
... http://www.docstoc.com/docs/80653935/Dendrites-Cell-body-Nucleus–Axon-hillockAxon-Signal-direction. ...
Haemodynamic response
In haemodynamics, the body must respond to physical activities, external temperature, and other factors by homeostatically adjusting its blood flow to deliver nutrients such as oxygen and glucose to stressed tissues and allow them to function. Haemodynamic response (HR) allows the rapid delivery of blood to active neuronal tissues. Since higher processes in the brain occur almost constantly, cerebral blood flow is essential for the maintenance of neurons, astrocytes, and other cells of the brain.