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... (3)-(4) when = 0 (i.e., a single-species model with no congestion externalities) and there are no transactions costs of regulation (see Appendix A). The use of both instruments is efficient when > 0, implying a congestion externality. These results also hold when social welfare is defined as dis ...
... (3)-(4) when = 0 (i.e., a single-species model with no congestion externalities) and there are no transactions costs of regulation (see Appendix A). The use of both instruments is efficient when > 0, implying a congestion externality. These results also hold when social welfare is defined as dis ...
cedarcreek.umn.edu - Wiley Online Library
... Our results indicate that global changes may affect plant evolution indirectly by altering competitive interactions and underscore the importance of conducting research in natural communities when attempting to predict population responses to global change. ...
... Our results indicate that global changes may affect plant evolution indirectly by altering competitive interactions and underscore the importance of conducting research in natural communities when attempting to predict population responses to global change. ...
ecological and reproductive character displacement
... We expand on the earlier models of Case and Taper (2000) and Lemmon et al. (2004), by analyzing and comparing models of ecological and reproductive character displacement. We find that the qualitative behavior of these two processes can be quite different, and that a trait affecting assortative mati ...
... We expand on the earlier models of Case and Taper (2000) and Lemmon et al. (2004), by analyzing and comparing models of ecological and reproductive character displacement. We find that the qualitative behavior of these two processes can be quite different, and that a trait affecting assortative mati ...
population characteristics - Formatted
... organism and its trophic level (2nd law of thermodynamics). Smaller the organism, greater is its abundance / area e.g. a part of a particular forest is able to support more wood mice than deer population but reverse may not be true. The lower limit is not well defined but homeostatic mechanisms keep ...
... organism and its trophic level (2nd law of thermodynamics). Smaller the organism, greater is its abundance / area e.g. a part of a particular forest is able to support more wood mice than deer population but reverse may not be true. The lower limit is not well defined but homeostatic mechanisms keep ...
Predator avoidance behaviours between native (Helisoma
... Snail Species Differences in anti-predator behaviour is seen between both native and invasive species due to factors such as differences in physical constraints and different amounts of time to gather information from predators to produce a defensive behaviour (Schoeppner and Relyea 2005). When comp ...
... Snail Species Differences in anti-predator behaviour is seen between both native and invasive species due to factors such as differences in physical constraints and different amounts of time to gather information from predators to produce a defensive behaviour (Schoeppner and Relyea 2005). When comp ...
The significance of ratios of detritus types and micro
... microcosms. In this study, we used nine ratios of two detritus types (animal and leaf) common in natural containers to test whether detritus ratios affect the outcome of competition. 3. Under intraspecific and interspecific competition, A. albopictus attained higher survival and estimated population ...
... microcosms. In this study, we used nine ratios of two detritus types (animal and leaf) common in natural containers to test whether detritus ratios affect the outcome of competition. 3. Under intraspecific and interspecific competition, A. albopictus attained higher survival and estimated population ...
effects of interspecific competition and multiple predators
... competition. Interference competition means direct, often physical interactions, such as fighting over territories. Species can also compete with each other indirectly via exploitation, i.e. using resources so they become no longer available to others (e.g. Schoener 1983). In extreme cases, interspe ...
... competition. Interference competition means direct, often physical interactions, such as fighting over territories. Species can also compete with each other indirectly via exploitation, i.e. using resources so they become no longer available to others (e.g. Schoener 1983). In extreme cases, interspe ...
EXPLAINING THE INVASIVE SUCCESS OF THE EASTERN MOSQUITOFISH (GAMBUSIA HOLBROOKI):
... Bergmann’s rule or its converse did not apply to the mosquitofish populations that we studied since mean size-at-age and overall body size did not vary with latitude. In conclusion, we suggest that for life-history traits of freshwater organisms, river longitudinal variation plays a role as importan ...
... Bergmann’s rule or its converse did not apply to the mosquitofish populations that we studied since mean size-at-age and overall body size did not vary with latitude. In conclusion, we suggest that for life-history traits of freshwater organisms, river longitudinal variation plays a role as importan ...
CS 414 - Weed Science
... Germination and reproduction over a wide range of environmental conditions Seed dormancy, discontinuous germination, longevity of seed Presence of vegetative reproductive structures Adaptations for propagule dispersion Ability to compete well with crops ...
... Germination and reproduction over a wide range of environmental conditions Seed dormancy, discontinuous germination, longevity of seed Presence of vegetative reproductive structures Adaptations for propagule dispersion Ability to compete well with crops ...
Lethal effects of habitat degradation on fishes through changing
... can be profound, and are well documented for a broad range of ecosystems [7– 9]; however, the underlying mechanisms of change are often unknown. The interactions between organisms that share key resources can strongly influence growth, life-history characteristics, mortality and therefore species ab ...
... can be profound, and are well documented for a broad range of ecosystems [7– 9]; however, the underlying mechanisms of change are often unknown. The interactions between organisms that share key resources can strongly influence growth, life-history characteristics, mortality and therefore species ab ...
character release following extinction in a caribbean reef
... species coexisted and appear to have coevolved between more than 600,000 and 82,000 years ago. The morphological shift is related to coral growth form and growth rate, and thus reflects the acquisition of a primary resource in corals— light. Character release occurred at the same oceanic Caribbean i ...
... species coexisted and appear to have coevolved between more than 600,000 and 82,000 years ago. The morphological shift is related to coral growth form and growth rate, and thus reflects the acquisition of a primary resource in corals— light. Character release occurred at the same oceanic Caribbean i ...
Cohort Dynamics Give Rise to Alternative Stable Community States.
... The occurrence of ASS implies that ecological communities in identical environments may differ as a function of the initial community state (May 1977). Consequently, the timing of species invasions can in some cases lead to different community compositions, referred to as priority effects (Schulman ...
... The occurrence of ASS implies that ecological communities in identical environments may differ as a function of the initial community state (May 1977). Consequently, the timing of species invasions can in some cases lead to different community compositions, referred to as priority effects (Schulman ...
Interactions of Life Practice Test 2011 Answer Section
... According to the graph, what is the carrying capacity for the rabbits? a. 60 c. 55 b. 65 d. Not enough information ____ 23. According to the graph, during what month did the rabbits experience exponential growth? a. May c. August b. June d. September ____ 24. On a graph, when logistic growth occurs, ...
... According to the graph, what is the carrying capacity for the rabbits? a. 60 c. 55 b. 65 d. Not enough information ____ 23. According to the graph, during what month did the rabbits experience exponential growth? a. May c. August b. June d. September ____ 24. On a graph, when logistic growth occurs, ...
Heterogeneity
... • Locally, burning seemed to have higher heterogeneity than grazing, whilst the corollary was true at a regional scale. • Overall, untreated local plots had the most heterogeneity, but regional responses varied to a large degree, depending on season of burning (spring burning then grazing increased ...
... • Locally, burning seemed to have higher heterogeneity than grazing, whilst the corollary was true at a regional scale. • Overall, untreated local plots had the most heterogeneity, but regional responses varied to a large degree, depending on season of burning (spring burning then grazing increased ...
Wolverine (Gulo gulo), Eastern Population
... The availability of adequate food resources (e.g., caribou populations) is likely sufficient in northern Quebec and Labrador but their spatial distribution may pose problems at critical periods of the Wolverine’s life cycle. It should be noted that if recovery of the Eastern population depends on a ...
... The availability of adequate food resources (e.g., caribou populations) is likely sufficient in northern Quebec and Labrador but their spatial distribution may pose problems at critical periods of the Wolverine’s life cycle. It should be noted that if recovery of the Eastern population depends on a ...
American Journal of Botany
... where prior tests were ambiguous due to scarce data, we provide updated analyses that help solidify conclusions. Third, we use the updated data to offer initial tests of several new hypotheses that have arisen since 2006. Last, we summarize what is currently known and suggest unresolved questions th ...
... where prior tests were ambiguous due to scarce data, we provide updated analyses that help solidify conclusions. Third, we use the updated data to offer initial tests of several new hypotheses that have arisen since 2006. Last, we summarize what is currently known and suggest unresolved questions th ...
American Journal of Botany
... where prior tests were ambiguous due to scarce data, we provide updated analyses that help solidify conclusions. Third, we use the updated data to offer initial tests of several new hypotheses that have arisen since 2006. Last, we summarize what is currently known and suggest unresolved questions th ...
... where prior tests were ambiguous due to scarce data, we provide updated analyses that help solidify conclusions. Third, we use the updated data to offer initial tests of several new hypotheses that have arisen since 2006. Last, we summarize what is currently known and suggest unresolved questions th ...
Predicting Changes in Community Composition and Ecosystem
... of scales which, by selecting individuals with appropriate responses, result in assemblages with varying trait composition. Functional linkages and trade-offs among traits, each of which relates to one or several processes, determine whether or not filtering by different factors gives a match, and w ...
... of scales which, by selecting individuals with appropriate responses, result in assemblages with varying trait composition. Functional linkages and trade-offs among traits, each of which relates to one or several processes, determine whether or not filtering by different factors gives a match, and w ...
Ontogenetic trait variation influences tree community assembly
... among ontogenetic stages influences community assembly across environmental gradients. Because the relative importance of abiotic and biotic assembly mechanisms can differ among ontogenetic stages within and across environments, ontogenetic trait variation may have an important influence on patterns ...
... among ontogenetic stages influences community assembly across environmental gradients. Because the relative importance of abiotic and biotic assembly mechanisms can differ among ontogenetic stages within and across environments, ontogenetic trait variation may have an important influence on patterns ...
Adaptation to climate change - Proceedings of the Royal Society B
... gradients in seasonality, i.e. the degree of seasonal temperature fluctuations influencing the length of the growing season [6,12,13]. However, latitudinal adaptations could also evolve without changing the overall growth capacity but via shifts in thermal reaction norms toward a higher or lower ran ...
... gradients in seasonality, i.e. the degree of seasonal temperature fluctuations influencing the length of the growing season [6,12,13]. However, latitudinal adaptations could also evolve without changing the overall growth capacity but via shifts in thermal reaction norms toward a higher or lower ran ...
A synthesis of subdisciplines: predator–prey interactions, and
... has been called the ÔsamplingÕ, ÔselectionÕ or ÔselectionprobabilityÕ effect in the BEF literature (Huston 1997; Tilman 1999; Fridley 2001; Loreau et al. 2001), and the Ôlottery modelÕ in biological control (Denoth et al. 2002). To illustrate how the mechanism works, consider a scenario in which the ...
... has been called the ÔsamplingÕ, ÔselectionÕ or ÔselectionprobabilityÕ effect in the BEF literature (Huston 1997; Tilman 1999; Fridley 2001; Loreau et al. 2001), and the Ôlottery modelÕ in biological control (Denoth et al. 2002). To illustrate how the mechanism works, consider a scenario in which the ...
Exemplar for Internal Achievement Standard Biology Level 2
... This involves providing a reason for how or why the biology of one of the chosen species relates to the pattern (or absence of a pattern). The biology involves structural, behavioural or physiological adaptations of the organism which are related to the environmental factor and to an interrelationsh ...
... This involves providing a reason for how or why the biology of one of the chosen species relates to the pattern (or absence of a pattern). The biology involves structural, behavioural or physiological adaptations of the organism which are related to the environmental factor and to an interrelationsh ...
Unit 10
... would outgrow its food supply by the middle of the 19th century. That time arrived without a Malthusian crisis, but Charles Darwin nevertheless embraced Malthus’ ideas and made them the foundation of his own theory of evolution by natural selection. In a 1968 essay, The Tragedy of the Commons, Garre ...
... would outgrow its food supply by the middle of the 19th century. That time arrived without a Malthusian crisis, but Charles Darwin nevertheless embraced Malthus’ ideas and made them the foundation of his own theory of evolution by natural selection. In a 1968 essay, The Tragedy of the Commons, Garre ...