THE REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS BY THE
... upregulated under fasting conditions10), and the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, is reported to be involved in this transcriptional regulation14). These findings suggest that the activities of orexin neurons are regulated by metabolic balance. Orexi ...
... upregulated under fasting conditions10), and the forkhead box transcription factor Foxa2, a downstream target of insulin signaling, is reported to be involved in this transcriptional regulation14). These findings suggest that the activities of orexin neurons are regulated by metabolic balance. Orexi ...
View/Open - DukeSpace
... The paradox of the SEF – that it seems so saccade related but is so blatantly unnecessary for generating saccades – and the early findings on multiple coordinate systems in the SEF inspired a new generation of experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level f ...
... The paradox of the SEF – that it seems so saccade related but is so blatantly unnecessary for generating saccades – and the early findings on multiple coordinate systems in the SEF inspired a new generation of experiments that have been very informative. This nascent research posits a higher level f ...
The natural hallucinogen 5-MeO-DMT, component of Ayahuasca
... 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen component of Ayahuasca, an Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual, religious and healing purposes that is being increasingly used for recreational purposes in US and Europe. 5MeO-DMT is of potential interest for schizop ...
... 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) is a natural hallucinogen component of Ayahuasca, an Amazonian beverage traditionally used for ritual, religious and healing purposes that is being increasingly used for recreational purposes in US and Europe. 5MeO-DMT is of potential interest for schizop ...
Ventral Medial Nucleus Neurons Send Thalamocortical Afferents
... basis of projection targets in the cerebral cortical layers (for review, see Jones 1998, 2001). Core-type neurons are located in the specific relay nuclei and send axon fibers mainly to the middle layers of the cerebral cortex, that is, L4 and the deep part of L3, whereas matrix-type neurons are distr ...
... basis of projection targets in the cerebral cortical layers (for review, see Jones 1998, 2001). Core-type neurons are located in the specific relay nuclei and send axon fibers mainly to the middle layers of the cerebral cortex, that is, L4 and the deep part of L3, whereas matrix-type neurons are distr ...
Full Text - Cerebral Cortex
... all reward trials but not in no-reward trials. Since the same characteristic activity changes were observed in the ‘Visible food reward’ task (not shown), where actual food or an empty tray was presented as the cue, the differential activity observed in this neuron is not considered to be related t ...
... all reward trials but not in no-reward trials. Since the same characteristic activity changes were observed in the ‘Visible food reward’ task (not shown), where actual food or an empty tray was presented as the cue, the differential activity observed in this neuron is not considered to be related t ...
Study of Trace and Minor ... ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis) Patients by J.
... The primary goal of this study is to provide the normal ranges of elements in the human brain and confirm the existing results mentioned previously, that high concentrations of some elements are associated with pathogenesis of ALS. The ultimate objective of this work is to understand the underlying ...
... The primary goal of this study is to provide the normal ranges of elements in the human brain and confirm the existing results mentioned previously, that high concentrations of some elements are associated with pathogenesis of ALS. The ultimate objective of this work is to understand the underlying ...
... pathways after acute excitotoxic damage to the immature rat brain. For this purpose, a wellcharacterized in vivo model of excitotoxicity was used, where damage was induced by the intracortical injection of N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) in postnatal day 9 rats. Cell death, apoptotic and anti-apoptotic p ...
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... plasticity is regulated to prevent every random stimulus from modifying the brain. Attention is believed to be required for most forms of perceptual learning and regulates the plasticity associated with sensory experience. Many studies have shown that attention can directly affect firing rates of co ...
... plasticity is regulated to prevent every random stimulus from modifying the brain. Attention is believed to be required for most forms of perceptual learning and regulates the plasticity associated with sensory experience. Many studies have shown that attention can directly affect firing rates of co ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... Abstract: Neurotransmission is the basis of neuronal communication and is critical for normal brain development, behavior, learning, and memory. Exposure to drugs and chemicals can alter neurotransmission, often through unknown pathways and mechanisms. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) model system is inc ...
... Abstract: Neurotransmission is the basis of neuronal communication and is critical for normal brain development, behavior, learning, and memory. Exposure to drugs and chemicals can alter neurotransmission, often through unknown pathways and mechanisms. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) model system is inc ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
Article 5 - Graduate Program in Neuroscience | UBC
... task. The task consisted of three trial types alternating semi-randomly, namely movement trials rewarded by liquid, movement trials reinforced by a conditioned sound and nonmovement trials rewarded by liquid. All trials began with a 2 s control period during which the monitor was blank, followed by ...
... task. The task consisted of three trial types alternating semi-randomly, namely movement trials rewarded by liquid, movement trials reinforced by a conditioned sound and nonmovement trials rewarded by liquid. All trials began with a 2 s control period during which the monitor was blank, followed by ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... and precise patterns of innervation, and the evidence for both junctional and nonjunctional contacts. The anatomic distribution of the 5-HT receptor subtypes are reviewed. In addition there is evidence that the various serotonergic nuclei possess individual characteristics, such as the presence of c ...
... and precise patterns of innervation, and the evidence for both junctional and nonjunctional contacts. The anatomic distribution of the 5-HT receptor subtypes are reviewed. In addition there is evidence that the various serotonergic nuclei possess individual characteristics, such as the presence of c ...
Bipolar Disorder
... prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the subgenual cingulate cortex, the insula, amygdala and striatum (Wessa and Linke, 2009). Dysfunction in the fronto-striatal-limbic network, which includes the structures mentioned above, has been associated with aberrant emotional processing, particular ...
... prefrontal cortex, the orbitofrontal cortex, the subgenual cingulate cortex, the insula, amygdala and striatum (Wessa and Linke, 2009). Dysfunction in the fronto-striatal-limbic network, which includes the structures mentioned above, has been associated with aberrant emotional processing, particular ...
Delineation of motoneuron subgroups supplying
... Eye movements are essential for vision, because they direct the fovea to a visual target, and stabilize gaze during locomotion to compensate for head and body movements (Leigh and Zee, 2006; Horn and Leigh, 2011). The motor and premotor pathways for several eye movement types, e.g. saccades and the ...
... Eye movements are essential for vision, because they direct the fovea to a visual target, and stabilize gaze during locomotion to compensate for head and body movements (Leigh and Zee, 2006; Horn and Leigh, 2011). The motor and premotor pathways for several eye movement types, e.g. saccades and the ...
Cerebral cortical hypoplasia with abnormal morphology of pyramidal
... Fig. 1. Representative axial CT images and volume-rendered images of cerebrum, and volumes of cerebral structures. (A) Axial CT images of the brain of grt/grt (left) and grt/+ (right) mouse. While the brain was slightly smaller in grt/grt than in grt/+, the structural organization and histoarchitecu ...
... Fig. 1. Representative axial CT images and volume-rendered images of cerebrum, and volumes of cerebral structures. (A) Axial CT images of the brain of grt/grt (left) and grt/+ (right) mouse. While the brain was slightly smaller in grt/grt than in grt/+, the structural organization and histoarchitecu ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... from astrocytes such as taurine, b-alanine [26] and D-serine [27] as well as the morphological plasticity of astrocytes [28]. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the characteristics of osmosensory neurons and osmotic reflex, and leave astrocytic mediation of osmosensation in the section of ...
... from astrocytes such as taurine, b-alanine [26] and D-serine [27] as well as the morphological plasticity of astrocytes [28]. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the characteristics of osmosensory neurons and osmotic reflex, and leave astrocytic mediation of osmosensation in the section of ...
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... inferior temporal cortex, and temporo-occipital area [47]. It is also associated with the insula [48], posterior parietal cortex [49], medial frontal cortex [49,50], superior temporal gyrus [51], and cingulate gyrus [50]. Most of these structures are involved in conscious processing of emotions and ...
... inferior temporal cortex, and temporo-occipital area [47]. It is also associated with the insula [48], posterior parietal cortex [49], medial frontal cortex [49,50], superior temporal gyrus [51], and cingulate gyrus [50]. Most of these structures are involved in conscious processing of emotions and ...
pathophysiology of attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
... another study, dopamine release secondary to electrical stimulation was significantly lower in caudate-putamen and prefrontal cortex slices of SHR compared with control mice. These findings were attributed to increased autoreceptormediated inhibition of dopamine release in caudate-putamen slices but ...
... another study, dopamine release secondary to electrical stimulation was significantly lower in caudate-putamen and prefrontal cortex slices of SHR compared with control mice. These findings were attributed to increased autoreceptormediated inhibition of dopamine release in caudate-putamen slices but ...
Coexposure of Neonatal Mice to a Flame
... 10–100 times that found in the Swedish and Japanese studies (Schecter et al., 2003, 2005). The body burden of PBDEs is also approaching that of the PCBs. There are an increasing number of studies indicating that PBDEs cause developmental neurotoxic effects (Branchi et al., 2002; Eriksson et al., 200 ...
... 10–100 times that found in the Swedish and Japanese studies (Schecter et al., 2003, 2005). The body burden of PBDEs is also approaching that of the PCBs. There are an increasing number of studies indicating that PBDEs cause developmental neurotoxic effects (Branchi et al., 2002; Eriksson et al., 200 ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... of the MEC. The EC sends direct glutamatergic inputs to the stratum lacunosum moleculare of CA1, CA3 and to the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (Amaral and Witter, 1989; Van Groen et al., 2003) but only the MEC seems strongly involved in the generation of the hippocampal theta oscillations (Des ...
... of the MEC. The EC sends direct glutamatergic inputs to the stratum lacunosum moleculare of CA1, CA3 and to the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (Amaral and Witter, 1989; Van Groen et al., 2003) but only the MEC seems strongly involved in the generation of the hippocampal theta oscillations (Des ...
Synchronisation hubs in the visual cortex may arise from strong
... responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). The oscillation score is defined as the ratio between the peak ...
... responses, we computed the oscillation score, as described previously (Muresan et al., 2008). In brief, this measure is based on analysing the power spectrum of autocorrelation histograms (ACHs) computed with 1-ms resolution (see below). The oscillation score is defined as the ratio between the peak ...
Three-dimensional organization of dendrites and local axon
... important feature of its specific ability to process incoming information, ultimately leading to an output of that neuron. For example, large pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex have a very specific and highly ordered threedimensional (3D) morphology of their dendrites and intracortical axons t ...
... important feature of its specific ability to process incoming information, ultimately leading to an output of that neuron. For example, large pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex have a very specific and highly ordered threedimensional (3D) morphology of their dendrites and intracortical axons t ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... 2. BST as a hub connecting hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and dopamine system The anterolateral group of the BST plays a critical role in anxiety and reward related behaviors (Forray and Gysling, 2004; Dumont et al., 2005). It is a complex structure that can be divided into anterolateral, subcommiss ...
... 2. BST as a hub connecting hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and dopamine system The anterolateral group of the BST plays a critical role in anxiety and reward related behaviors (Forray and Gysling, 2004; Dumont et al., 2005). It is a complex structure that can be divided into anterolateral, subcommiss ...