Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
... NTS, in turn, is reciprocally connected to regions of the brain integral to the regulation of feeding, such as the hypothalamus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (Schwartz, 2000; Broberger and Hokfelt, 2001). The medial NTS, in which NTS POMC neurons are concentrated, contains highly fenestrated endo ...
Cell-intrinsic drivers of dendrite morphogenesis
... analyze the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, and deficits in ES neurons can be studied in behavioral assays. γ neurons. These neurons are found in Drosophila mushroom bodies (structures involved in olfactory memory). During the first day of pupal life, γ neuron dendrites undergo extensive degen ...
... analyze the Drosophila peripheral nervous system, and deficits in ES neurons can be studied in behavioral assays. γ neurons. These neurons are found in Drosophila mushroom bodies (structures involved in olfactory memory). During the first day of pupal life, γ neuron dendrites undergo extensive degen ...
Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far
... In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to stimuli inside the receptive field (RF) are usually suppressed by stimuli in the RF surround. This suppression is orientation specific. Similarly, in human vision surround stimuli can suppress perceived contrast of a central stimulus in an orienta ...
... In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to stimuli inside the receptive field (RF) are usually suppressed by stimuli in the RF surround. This suppression is orientation specific. Similarly, in human vision surround stimuli can suppress perceived contrast of a central stimulus in an orienta ...
A role for sleep in brain plasticity
... that begins 2 weeks after eye opening [44,45]. To test the role of REM sleep in brain development, several works have studied the effects of REM sleep deprivation or the elimination of the REM sleep PGO waves, on subsequent visual system development. A first study found that brainstem lesions in ki ...
... that begins 2 weeks after eye opening [44,45]. To test the role of REM sleep in brain development, several works have studied the effects of REM sleep deprivation or the elimination of the REM sleep PGO waves, on subsequent visual system development. A first study found that brainstem lesions in ki ...
NIH Public Access
... As will become apparent in this review, much of the investigation into the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in CNS diseases has focused around the induction of the permeability transition. There has been some controversy over the nature or even existence of the permeability transition in isolate ...
... As will become apparent in this review, much of the investigation into the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in CNS diseases has focused around the induction of the permeability transition. There has been some controversy over the nature or even existence of the permeability transition in isolate ...
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Movement
... during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the activity of these cells cannot be explained by any covert movement on the part of the monkey. The question arises as to how output cells (pyramidal tract neurons, P ...
... during action observation. Simultaneous electromyography (EMG) recordings from hand and arm muscles provide important evidence that the activity of these cells cannot be explained by any covert movement on the part of the monkey. The question arises as to how output cells (pyramidal tract neurons, P ...
Subicular and CA1 hippocampal projections to the accessory
... provides feedback inputs to the olfactory system by means of centrifugal projections. Historically, a projection from the temporal third of the subiculum to the anterior olfactory nucleus has been described (Swanson and Cowan, 1977). Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the ventral CA1 after lar ...
... provides feedback inputs to the olfactory system by means of centrifugal projections. Historically, a projection from the temporal third of the subiculum to the anterior olfactory nucleus has been described (Swanson and Cowan, 1977). Retrogradely labeled cells were found in the ventral CA1 after lar ...
The Role of the Terminal Nerve and GnRH in Olfactory System
... Animals receive important information about their environment via their sensory organs, enabling organisms to respond appropriately to external cues. The olfactory system plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurate ...
... Animals receive important information about their environment via their sensory organs, enabling organisms to respond appropriately to external cues. The olfactory system plays an important role in translating environmental chemical information into electrical signals that can be recognized accurate ...
Seven principles in the regulation of adult neurogenesis
... Principle #3: Adult neurogenesis is not regulated by age From the fact that many new neurons are produced in young animals and very few at old age, we have concluded that adult neurogenesis decreases with age and that age itself would be a potent, if not the most potent, negative regulator of adult ...
... Principle #3: Adult neurogenesis is not regulated by age From the fact that many new neurons are produced in young animals and very few at old age, we have concluded that adult neurogenesis decreases with age and that age itself would be a potent, if not the most potent, negative regulator of adult ...
Mechanisms of Sleep Control - UCLA Integrative Center for
... the pons, where NREM sleep is controlled by multiple systems, with crucial neuronal groups in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Recent work has enabled the identification of the neuronal groups and neurotransmitter mechanisms involved in REM and NREM sleep control. This ...
... the pons, where NREM sleep is controlled by multiple systems, with crucial neuronal groups in the basal forebrain, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Recent work has enabled the identification of the neuronal groups and neurotransmitter mechanisms involved in REM and NREM sleep control. This ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... that the axons had already grown past their correct destination. These observations suggest that visual subplate neurons are involved in the process by which LGN ...
... that the axons had already grown past their correct destination. These observations suggest that visual subplate neurons are involved in the process by which LGN ...
Signal processing methods in Sleep Research
... Slow wave sleep predominates in the first third of the night and is linked to the initiation of sleep. REM sleep predominates in the last 3rd of the night. Wakefulness in sleep usually accounts for less than 5% of the night. N1 generally constitutes 2 to 5% of sleep. N2 generally constitutes 45 to 5 ...
... Slow wave sleep predominates in the first third of the night and is linked to the initiation of sleep. REM sleep predominates in the last 3rd of the night. Wakefulness in sleep usually accounts for less than 5% of the night. N1 generally constitutes 2 to 5% of sleep. N2 generally constitutes 45 to 5 ...
PDF - Bentham Open
... Associative learning and expectancy processes are additional factors that modulate the response produced by a threat. Prior work has demonstrated a reduction in the magnitude of the fMRI signal response once a cue-outcome relationship is established and predictable [35, 36]. However, when an outcome ...
... Associative learning and expectancy processes are additional factors that modulate the response produced by a threat. Prior work has demonstrated a reduction in the magnitude of the fMRI signal response once a cue-outcome relationship is established and predictable [35, 36]. However, when an outcome ...
Neural mechanisms of stimulus generalization in auditory fear
... recall of discriminative fear. Therefore, the present work was preceded by a preliminary task aimed at clarifying the involvement of the cortical pathway in AFC in the intact brain, by performing post-training lesions of the auditory cortex. Moreover, as lesions underlying the previously reported le ...
... recall of discriminative fear. Therefore, the present work was preceded by a preliminary task aimed at clarifying the involvement of the cortical pathway in AFC in the intact brain, by performing post-training lesions of the auditory cortex. Moreover, as lesions underlying the previously reported le ...
Psilocybin – Summary of knowledge and new perspectives
... Fantegrossi et al., 2008; Winter et al., 2007) and in studies on head twitch behavior and wet dog shakes (typical signs of the stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor) (Fantegrossi et al., 2008; Halberstadt et al., 2011). On the other hand, psilocybin/psilocin-induced locomotor inhibition was restored by ...
... Fantegrossi et al., 2008; Winter et al., 2007) and in studies on head twitch behavior and wet dog shakes (typical signs of the stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor) (Fantegrossi et al., 2008; Halberstadt et al., 2011). On the other hand, psilocybin/psilocin-induced locomotor inhibition was restored by ...
The effect of selective attention on auditory frequency
... noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The ...
... noise depends largely on the differences in neural level representations of the auditory inputs. The auditory cortex (AC) is tonotopically organized, which means that the frequency information is mapped to the cortical topography. Thus, similar frequencies are processed in close vicinity at AC. The ...
Control of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals
... Figure 1. A single stimulus evoked more dopamine release in the striatum than the VTA, yet the time course of release is similar. A, A single stimulation was used to evoke dopamine release in the VTA (n ⫽ 10; gray trace) and the dorsal striatum (n ⫽ 6; black trace). A single stimulation produced ⬃20 ...
... Figure 1. A single stimulus evoked more dopamine release in the striatum than the VTA, yet the time course of release is similar. A, A single stimulation was used to evoke dopamine release in the VTA (n ⫽ 10; gray trace) and the dorsal striatum (n ⫽ 6; black trace). A single stimulation produced ⬃20 ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse ments using human subjects are difficult to compare, since they are often methodologically distinct and limited by ethical and safety concerns. In addition, this excitatory-depressive duality correlates to some degree with clinical experience and reports ...
... Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse ments using human subjects are difficult to compare, since they are often methodologically distinct and limited by ethical and safety concerns. In addition, this excitatory-depressive duality correlates to some degree with clinical experience and reports ...
Glutamine deficiency in the prefrontal cortex increases depressive
... about 121 million people affected worldwide. Of people who experience a depressive episode, 15% commit suicide.1,2 Although many studies have investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) using live brain imaging and postmortem studies, its etiology remains unclear; ...
... about 121 million people affected worldwide. Of people who experience a depressive episode, 15% commit suicide.1,2 Although many studies have investigated the pathophysiologic mechanisms of major depressive disorder (MDD) using live brain imaging and postmortem studies, its etiology remains unclear; ...
Rewarding properties of sildenafil citrate in mice
... increase in the time spent in the drug-paired place. Nitric oxide is a gas produced by many mammalian cells that is synthesized from L-arginine and is a potent stimulator of guanylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of cGMP (Snyder and Bredt 1991).The NO system is relevant to the rewarding eff ...
... increase in the time spent in the drug-paired place. Nitric oxide is a gas produced by many mammalian cells that is synthesized from L-arginine and is a potent stimulator of guanylyl cyclase, resulting in increased levels of cGMP (Snyder and Bredt 1991).The NO system is relevant to the rewarding eff ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
... Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons have important roles in adaptive and pathological brain functions related to reward and motivation. However, it is unknown whether subpopulations of VTA dopamine neurons participate in distinct circuits that encode different motivational signatures, and ...
Convergence, Divergence, Pupillary Reactions and
... cutting the internal and the external recti in varying combinations in the two eyes. He was able to obtain direct upward and direct downward movements, as well as movements of convergence. The convergence movements were not constantly present, but were quite distinct. They were obtained from a focus ...
... cutting the internal and the external recti in varying combinations in the two eyes. He was able to obtain direct upward and direct downward movements, as well as movements of convergence. The convergence movements were not constantly present, but were quite distinct. They were obtained from a focus ...
Corpus Callosum
... corpus callosum function definition anatomy body maps - the brain is divided into the right and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally ...
... corpus callosum function definition anatomy body maps - the brain is divided into the right and left hemisphere and the two halves are connected by the corpus callosum this bundle of nerve tissue contains over 200, corpus callosum and brain function thoughtco - corpus callosum location directionally ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...