Elementary Number Theory - science.uu.nl project csg
... Most of us have heard about them at a very early age. We also learnt that there are infinitely many of them and that every integer can be written in a unique way as a product of primes. These are properties that are not mentioned in our rules. So one has to prove them, which turns out to be not entir ...
... Most of us have heard about them at a very early age. We also learnt that there are infinitely many of them and that every integer can be written in a unique way as a product of primes. These are properties that are not mentioned in our rules. So one has to prove them, which turns out to be not entir ...
An introduction to the Smarandache Square
... 8) Find all the values of n such that S ( n) k + Z ( n) k = Ssc ( n) k where S(n) is the Smarandache function [1], Z(n) the Pseudo-Smarandache function [2] and k any integer. 9) Find the smallest k such that between Ssc(n) and Ssc(k+n), for n>1, there is at least a prime. ...
... 8) Find all the values of n such that S ( n) k + Z ( n) k = Ssc ( n) k where S(n) is the Smarandache function [1], Z(n) the Pseudo-Smarandache function [2] and k any integer. 9) Find the smallest k such that between Ssc(n) and Ssc(k+n), for n>1, there is at least a prime. ...
The Goldston-Pintz-Yıldırım sieve and some applications
... the “level of distribution” of the primes. We will precisely define this notion in the next chapter (see Section 2.2), but loosely speaking, to say that the primes have level of distribution θ is to say that, for large x, the primes are very well distributed among the arithmetic progressions modulo ...
... the “level of distribution” of the primes. We will precisely define this notion in the next chapter (see Section 2.2), but loosely speaking, to say that the primes have level of distribution θ is to say that, for large x, the primes are very well distributed among the arithmetic progressions modulo ...
Central limit theorem
In probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) states that, given certain conditions, the arithmetic mean of a sufficiently large number of iterates of independent random variables, each with a well-defined expected value and well-defined variance, will be approximately normally distributed, regardless of the underlying distribution. That is, suppose that a sample is obtained containing a large number of observations, each observation being randomly generated in a way that does not depend on the values of the other observations, and that the arithmetic average of the observed values is computed. If this procedure is performed many times, the central limit theorem says that the computed values of the average will be distributed according to the normal distribution (commonly known as a ""bell curve"").The central limit theorem has a number of variants. In its common form, the random variables must be identically distributed. In variants, convergence of the mean to the normal distribution also occurs for non-identical distributions or for non-independent observations, given that they comply with certain conditions.In more general probability theory, a central limit theorem is any of a set of weak-convergence theorems. They all express the fact that a sum of many independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, or alternatively, random variables with specific types of dependence, will tend to be distributed according to one of a small set of attractor distributions. When the variance of the i.i.d. variables is finite, the attractor distribution is the normal distribution. In contrast, the sum of a number of i.i.d. random variables with power law tail distributions decreasing as |x|−α−1 where 0 < α < 2 (and therefore having infinite variance) will tend to an alpha-stable distribution with stability parameter (or index of stability) of α as the number of variables grows.