FACIAL NERVE TRAUMA
... Shapira et all (2006) performed a retrospective review looking at 33 patients who underwent nerve decompression. They found no significant difference in overall results between those undergoing early (<30 days post-injury) vs. late (>30 days postinjury) decompression ...
... Shapira et all (2006) performed a retrospective review looking at 33 patients who underwent nerve decompression. They found no significant difference in overall results between those undergoing early (<30 days post-injury) vs. late (>30 days postinjury) decompression ...
Immunohistochemical Analysis of Trk Receptor Activation in Epilepsy
... and limit the activity of endogenous BDNF, inhibits kindling development [11]. Mice overexpressing a truncated trkB display reduced seizure susceptibility [55]. Conversely, direct application of BDNF induces hyperexcitability in vitro [79, 80]; overexpression of BDNF in transgenic mice leads to spon ...
... and limit the activity of endogenous BDNF, inhibits kindling development [11]. Mice overexpressing a truncated trkB display reduced seizure susceptibility [55]. Conversely, direct application of BDNF induces hyperexcitability in vitro [79, 80]; overexpression of BDNF in transgenic mice leads to spon ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
... of motor pools has long been appreciated (Elliott, 1942; Romanes, 1942), and detailed motor pool maps have been compiled in the developing and adult spinal cord (Romanes, 1964; Landmesser, 1978a, 1978b; Hollyday, 1980). Motor pools have been linked to three main features of motor organization. First ...
... of motor pools has long been appreciated (Elliott, 1942; Romanes, 1942), and detailed motor pool maps have been compiled in the developing and adult spinal cord (Romanes, 1964; Landmesser, 1978a, 1978b; Hollyday, 1980). Motor pools have been linked to three main features of motor organization. First ...
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... ventral to adjacent dorsal areas covered by Robo3+ axons in a ∼500 µm segment of the cervical-thoracic spinal cord (Fig. 2G-K). Both Ntn1trap/trap and Ntn1−/− mutants displayed highly disorganized commissural axons that were often oriented away from the midline. However, the degree of crossing was s ...
... ventral to adjacent dorsal areas covered by Robo3+ axons in a ∼500 µm segment of the cervical-thoracic spinal cord (Fig. 2G-K). Both Ntn1trap/trap and Ntn1−/− mutants displayed highly disorganized commissural axons that were often oriented away from the midline. However, the degree of crossing was s ...
neuroanatomy - University of Toledo
... New York University, where he received his M.D. degree in 1931. During his student years, Dr. Netter’s notebook sketches attracted the attention of the medical faculty and other physicians, allowing him to augment his income by illustrating articles and textbooks. He continued illustrating as a side ...
... New York University, where he received his M.D. degree in 1931. During his student years, Dr. Netter’s notebook sketches attracted the attention of the medical faculty and other physicians, allowing him to augment his income by illustrating articles and textbooks. He continued illustrating as a side ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... for 20 min (nicotine in osmotic minipump) or 10 min (nicotine in drinking water). A pilot study conducted on drug-naive C57BL/6J mice indicated that 3 mg/Kg of mecamylamine alone does not increase withdrawal signs under our experimental conditions (data not shown). Withdrawal precipitated by mecamyl ...
... for 20 min (nicotine in osmotic minipump) or 10 min (nicotine in drinking water). A pilot study conducted on drug-naive C57BL/6J mice indicated that 3 mg/Kg of mecamylamine alone does not increase withdrawal signs under our experimental conditions (data not shown). Withdrawal precipitated by mecamyl ...
Dopaminergic and Glutamatergic Dysfunctions
... receptors in patients with schizophrenia, albeit the findings were inconsistent. Some reported increased D2/3 receptor binding in the striatum [48-50], whereas others found no difference from controls [51, 52] or a possible decrease in D2/D3 receptors in extrastriatal areas such as the thalamus and ...
... receptors in patients with schizophrenia, albeit the findings were inconsistent. Some reported increased D2/3 receptor binding in the striatum [48-50], whereas others found no difference from controls [51, 52] or a possible decrease in D2/D3 receptors in extrastriatal areas such as the thalamus and ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... identified populations of neurons in both anesthetized and awake behaving subjects of a variety of species [6,7]. These investigations set the stage for making direct links between cellular and synaptic mechanisms and their consequences for behavior and learning. Remarkable plasticity occurs in the ...
... identified populations of neurons in both anesthetized and awake behaving subjects of a variety of species [6,7]. These investigations set the stage for making direct links between cellular and synaptic mechanisms and their consequences for behavior and learning. Remarkable plasticity occurs in the ...
Vol 431 No 7010 pp723-882
... flip-flops, and you get a universal computer. Living organisms, from bacteria to elephant, are packed with comparable switches, gates and stores. From protein allostery and trafficking to long-range neuromodulation, everything biological produces adaptive computation. Synapses, for example, change s ...
... flip-flops, and you get a universal computer. Living organisms, from bacteria to elephant, are packed with comparable switches, gates and stores. From protein allostery and trafficking to long-range neuromodulation, everything biological produces adaptive computation. Synapses, for example, change s ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... the 24-h neural clock, thereby limiting the timing of surges to the afternoon of proestrus. It remains unclear, however, how neural signals converge with endocrine signals (estrogen) inspecific brain cells and how their cellular integration leads to appropriate secretion of gonadotropin surges. Prev ...
... the 24-h neural clock, thereby limiting the timing of surges to the afternoon of proestrus. It remains unclear, however, how neural signals converge with endocrine signals (estrogen) inspecific brain cells and how their cellular integration leads to appropriate secretion of gonadotropin surges. Prev ...
the organization of behavioral repertoire in motor cortex
... evoked from the supplementary motor cortex, he continued to view the lateral motor cortex as a body map from which only muscle twitches could be evoked. In 1954 he wrote, “It would seem that the awkward gross movements produced by stimulation of the hand, tongue, and leg areas of the precentral gyru ...
... evoked from the supplementary motor cortex, he continued to view the lateral motor cortex as a body map from which only muscle twitches could be evoked. In 1954 he wrote, “It would seem that the awkward gross movements produced by stimulation of the hand, tongue, and leg areas of the precentral gyru ...
Formation of a full complement of cranial proprioceptors requires
... was 62% in NT3-/- compared to 33% in BDNF-/- muscles (Table 1). Masticatory muscles differed in the extent of their spindle deficiency in mutant mice, particularly in NT3-deficient mutants. The superficial masseter showed a 75% loss whereas the zygomaticomandibularis showed only a 47% loss of spindl ...
... was 62% in NT3-/- compared to 33% in BDNF-/- muscles (Table 1). Masticatory muscles differed in the extent of their spindle deficiency in mutant mice, particularly in NT3-deficient mutants. The superficial masseter showed a 75% loss whereas the zygomaticomandibularis showed only a 47% loss of spindl ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
Cranial Nerve VII: The Facial Nerve
... • GVA (General Visceral Afferent) — Sensory from visceral touch, temperature, and pain. • SVA (Special Visceral Afferent) — Taste • GVE (General Visceral Efferent) — Autonomic innervation to mucosal, lacrimal, and salivary ...
... • GVA (General Visceral Afferent) — Sensory from visceral touch, temperature, and pain. • SVA (Special Visceral Afferent) — Taste • GVE (General Visceral Efferent) — Autonomic innervation to mucosal, lacrimal, and salivary ...
Cranial Nerve VII: The Facial Nerve
... • GVA (General Visceral Afferent) — Sensory from visceral touch, temperature, and pain. • SVA (Special Visceral Afferent) — Taste • GVE (General Visceral Efferent) — Autonomic innervation to mucosal, lacrimal, and salivary ...
... • GVA (General Visceral Afferent) — Sensory from visceral touch, temperature, and pain. • SVA (Special Visceral Afferent) — Taste • GVE (General Visceral Efferent) — Autonomic innervation to mucosal, lacrimal, and salivary ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb muscles. These are the connections that underlie the simple myotatic stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made fro ...
... actual formation of specific synaptic connections, is the set of monosynaptic excitatory connections between muscle spindle afferent fibers and motoneurons projecting to limb muscles. These are the connections that underlie the simple myotatic stretch reflex. Intracellular recordings can be made fro ...
MUSCULOSKELETAL BIOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF BRACHIAL
... mom and dad have meant to me. My dad worked tirelessly and at great sacrifice to ensure that my brothers and I had every gift and opportunity we ever wanted. My mom was a true teacher and servant, and forever patient as the mother of 3 boys. I love my parents so much, and I strive daily to honor wit ...
... mom and dad have meant to me. My dad worked tirelessly and at great sacrifice to ensure that my brothers and I had every gift and opportunity we ever wanted. My mom was a true teacher and servant, and forever patient as the mother of 3 boys. I love my parents so much, and I strive daily to honor wit ...
Feeding Stimulants Activate an Identified Dopaminergic Interneuron
... which plasticity of motor output of the CPG can arise. Each CPG subunit is a conditional neuronal oscillator that can be independently rhythmically active. The subunits also can be functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise ...
... which plasticity of motor output of the CPG can arise. Each CPG subunit is a conditional neuronal oscillator that can be independently rhythmically active. The subunits also can be functionally linked in different combinations and in different temporal patterns. Additional motor plasticity can arise ...
The Organization of Behavioral Repertoire in Motor Cortex
... the supplementary motor cortex, he continued to view the lateral motor cortex as a body map from which only muscle twitches could be evoked. In 1954 he wrote, “It would seem that the awkward gross movements produced by stimulation of the hand, tongue, and leg areas of the precentral gyrus give no mo ...
... the supplementary motor cortex, he continued to view the lateral motor cortex as a body map from which only muscle twitches could be evoked. In 1954 he wrote, “It would seem that the awkward gross movements produced by stimulation of the hand, tongue, and leg areas of the precentral gyrus give no mo ...
Why Are Olfactory Systems of Different Animals So Similar?
... must pass through the fluid overlying the olfactory receptor neurons, above the sensory epithelium or within the sensillum or amphid organ. In some insects and mammals, this fluid has been found to contain specialized molecules that bind odorants, and which are called odorant binding proteins (OBPs) ...
... must pass through the fluid overlying the olfactory receptor neurons, above the sensory epithelium or within the sensillum or amphid organ. In some insects and mammals, this fluid has been found to contain specialized molecules that bind odorants, and which are called odorant binding proteins (OBPs) ...
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Somatic Reflexes
... tracts is essential in diagnosing and managing spinal cord injuries. Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the cord and descending tracts conduct motor impulses down. All nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin, destination, and function. Several of these tracts undergo decussati ...
... tracts is essential in diagnosing and managing spinal cord injuries. Ascending tracts carry sensory information up the cord and descending tracts conduct motor impulses down. All nerve fibers in a given tract have a similar origin, destination, and function. Several of these tracts undergo decussati ...
the phase-space dynamics of systems of spiking neurons
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
... Science remained out of favor until the beginning of the Renaissance. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published De Humani Corporis Fabrica that helped correct numerous misconceptions about the human anatomy that had prevailed for fifteen hundred years. The 1641 publication of René Descartes’ Meditationes ...
full text pdf
... nerve fibres were very abundant in the SO ganglionated plexus. Some of them expressed simultaneously immunoreactivity for SP, and many SP-positive only nerve terminals were also found within the ganglia and in nerve bundles closely associated with the SO muscle. These CGRP and/or SP-positive fibres ...
... nerve fibres were very abundant in the SO ganglionated plexus. Some of them expressed simultaneously immunoreactivity for SP, and many SP-positive only nerve terminals were also found within the ganglia and in nerve bundles closely associated with the SO muscle. These CGRP and/or SP-positive fibres ...
Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (sometimes called a myoneural junction) is a junction between nerve and muscle; it is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron and the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber. It is at the neuromuscular junction that a motor neuron is able to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction.Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of a motor neuron, which activates voltage-dependent calcium channels to allow calcium ions to enter the neuron. Calcium ions bind to sensor proteins (synaptotagmin) on synaptic vesicles, triggering vesicle fusion with the cell membrane and subsequent neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron into the synaptic cleft. In vertebrates, motor neurons release acetylcholine (ACh), a small molecule neurotransmitter, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, also known as the sarcolemma. nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, meaning they serve as ligand-gated ion channels. The binding of ACh to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, causing a cascade that eventually results in muscle contraction.Neuromuscular junction diseases can be of genetic and autoimmune origin. Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.