Glossary of Physical Oceanography and Related Disciplines
... As such, they usually form two strips parallel to mid-ocean ridges. They generally decrease in height as one traverses away from the ridges as they gradually become covered with sediment and are replaced by abyssal plains. See Fairbridge [1966]. ...
... As such, they usually form two strips parallel to mid-ocean ridges. They generally decrease in height as one traverses away from the ridges as they gradually become covered with sediment and are replaced by abyssal plains. See Fairbridge [1966]. ...
The sub-thermocline duct. - Naval Postgraduate School
... Numbers of Primary Sub-Thermocline Ducts in Each Sub-Category Found During the Heating Period in Each Sector of the North Pacific ...
... Numbers of Primary Sub-Thermocline Ducts in Each Sub-Category Found During the Heating Period in Each Sector of the North Pacific ...
ž / Evidence from mantle xenoliths for relatively thin -100
... spinel often have inclusions of olivine, suggesting that they formed by the same reaction from originally spinel-bearing peridotites. This reaction may result from either cooling, pressure increase, or both, indicating a multi-stage thermal history for the lithosphere below Pali-Aike, as discussed i ...
... spinel often have inclusions of olivine, suggesting that they formed by the same reaction from originally spinel-bearing peridotites. This reaction may result from either cooling, pressure increase, or both, indicating a multi-stage thermal history for the lithosphere below Pali-Aike, as discussed i ...
Supercontinents, mantle dynamics and plate
... predict that superdownwelling along multiple subduction zones might provide an effective mechanism to pull together dispersed continental fragments into a closely packed assembly. The recycled subducted material that accumulates at the mantle transition zone and sinks down into the core–mantle bound ...
... predict that superdownwelling along multiple subduction zones might provide an effective mechanism to pull together dispersed continental fragments into a closely packed assembly. The recycled subducted material that accumulates at the mantle transition zone and sinks down into the core–mantle bound ...
Resource Booklet
... There are many reports and articles produced by scientific bodies, governmental agencies, the United Nations which will be referred to throughout the course. Use these openly available resources which have a wealth of scientifically sound information on our ocean and browse through some of these lis ...
... There are many reports and articles produced by scientific bodies, governmental agencies, the United Nations which will be referred to throughout the course. Use these openly available resources which have a wealth of scientifically sound information on our ocean and browse through some of these lis ...
Polarized plate tectonics
... (Pyrenees). This rift, started by the anticlockwise Cretaceous rotation of Iberia, aborted since its axis is far from being orthogonal to the mantle flow direction and it is almost contemporary with the formation of the Pyrenees. Another example of aborted rift is the Benue basin, in Centralwestern ...
... (Pyrenees). This rift, started by the anticlockwise Cretaceous rotation of Iberia, aborted since its axis is far from being orthogonal to the mantle flow direction and it is almost contemporary with the formation of the Pyrenees. Another example of aborted rift is the Benue basin, in Centralwestern ...
Geochemistry of Serpentinized Peridotites from the Mariana Forearc
... and (to a lesser extent) Pb and Rb, data from studies of cross-arc chemical variations show that slab-derived inputs to arc source regions decrease with progressively deeper subduction, reaching mantle-like values in the rearmost centers [Ryan et al., 1996; Noll et al., 1996; Morris and Ryan, 2003]. ...
... and (to a lesser extent) Pb and Rb, data from studies of cross-arc chemical variations show that slab-derived inputs to arc source regions decrease with progressively deeper subduction, reaching mantle-like values in the rearmost centers [Ryan et al., 1996; Noll et al., 1996; Morris and Ryan, 2003]. ...
Geochemical conditions in continental margin - E
... Marine biogeochemical cycling of the highly dynamic key nutrients carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus starts with continuous production of organic substances and remineralization in the oceanic water column. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient required by all living organisms and is suspected to control ...
... Marine biogeochemical cycling of the highly dynamic key nutrients carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus starts with continuous production of organic substances and remineralization in the oceanic water column. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient required by all living organisms and is suspected to control ...
The Eclogite Engine: Chemical geodynamics as
... mode of small-scale convection, as applied to the mantle, differs from the RayleighTaylor (RT) instability of a homogeneous fluid in a thermal boundary layer. It involves stoping of over-thickened continental crust and the differences in density and melting behavior of eclogites and peridotites in t ...
... mode of small-scale convection, as applied to the mantle, differs from the RayleighTaylor (RT) instability of a homogeneous fluid in a thermal boundary layer. It involves stoping of over-thickened continental crust and the differences in density and melting behavior of eclogites and peridotites in t ...
The Upper Mantle Geoid: Implications for Continental Structure and
... (degree/order up to 2159) is shown in Figure 1a. This geoid is the height of the geoid above/below the chosen reference ellipsoid, so the polar flattening and equatorial bulge (ellipticity) of the geoid doesn’t show in (Figure 1a) because this field is the difference between a (near) ellipsoidal ge ...
... (degree/order up to 2159) is shown in Figure 1a. This geoid is the height of the geoid above/below the chosen reference ellipsoid, so the polar flattening and equatorial bulge (ellipticity) of the geoid doesn’t show in (Figure 1a) because this field is the difference between a (near) ellipsoidal ge ...
Orogens and slabs vs. their direction of subduction
... Subduction zones appear primarily controlled by the polarity of their direction, i.e., W-directed or E- to NNE-directed, probably due to the westward drift of the lithosphere relative to the asthenosphere. The decollement planes behave differently in the two end-members. In the W-directed subduction ...
... Subduction zones appear primarily controlled by the polarity of their direction, i.e., W-directed or E- to NNE-directed, probably due to the westward drift of the lithosphere relative to the asthenosphere. The decollement planes behave differently in the two end-members. In the W-directed subduction ...
Kermadec - The Pew Charitable Trusts
... Auckland Current) or the flows to the north in the equatorial region, or at high latitudes. INTERNAL WAVES The topography in the region is a strong Thus circulation in the region is dominated driver of internal tides. This is where the by mesoscale variability rather than mean barotropic (surface) t ...
... Auckland Current) or the flows to the north in the equatorial region, or at high latitudes. INTERNAL WAVES The topography in the region is a strong Thus circulation in the region is dominated driver of internal tides. This is where the by mesoscale variability rather than mean barotropic (surface) t ...
Three-dimensional crustal structure of the Mariana island arc from
... varies between 2.4 cm a1 to the WNW at 12°N and 6.1 cm a1 to the NW at 34°N [Seno et al., 1993]. A welldeveloped back-arc spreading center exists west of the Mariana segment of the subduction zone and estimates of the full spreading rate vary between 3.0 cm a1 and 4.3 cm a1 [Bibee et al., 1980; ...
... varies between 2.4 cm a1 to the WNW at 12°N and 6.1 cm a1 to the NW at 34°N [Seno et al., 1993]. A welldeveloped back-arc spreading center exists west of the Mariana segment of the subduction zone and estimates of the full spreading rate vary between 3.0 cm a1 and 4.3 cm a1 [Bibee et al., 1980; ...
Ocean Process Tracers: Nitrogen Isotopes in the Ocean (MS 632
... that different forms of fixed N are assimilated with distinct isotope effects, although these isotope effects may vary with physiological conditions. For all studied forms, phytoplankton preferentially consume 14N relative to 15N (Figures 3 and 4). Nitrate is the deep water source of fixed N for ph ...
... that different forms of fixed N are assimilated with distinct isotope effects, although these isotope effects may vary with physiological conditions. For all studied forms, phytoplankton preferentially consume 14N relative to 15N (Figures 3 and 4). Nitrate is the deep water source of fixed N for ph ...
Thinning of continental backarc lithosphere by flow
... Lower lithosphere instability is enhanced by higher subduction rates, weaker intrinsic rheology, higher compositional density, and hotter initial thermal structure. The numerical model results are in good agreement with a buoyancy stability analysis, which includes the vertical gradients in temperat ...
... Lower lithosphere instability is enhanced by higher subduction rates, weaker intrinsic rheology, higher compositional density, and hotter initial thermal structure. The numerical model results are in good agreement with a buoyancy stability analysis, which includes the vertical gradients in temperat ...
The plume head-lithosphere interactions near intra - HAL-Insu
... mechanical coupling/uncoupling between different rheological layers within the lithosphere. In addition, heat and mass transfer at lithospheric depths, following the plume impact phase, is detailed and discussed in the framework of a number of wellknown geological concepts such as continental growth ...
... mechanical coupling/uncoupling between different rheological layers within the lithosphere. In addition, heat and mass transfer at lithospheric depths, following the plume impact phase, is detailed and discussed in the framework of a number of wellknown geological concepts such as continental growth ...
Deep-Sea Research II - Max-Planck
... central tropical Pacific (Fig. 2). Although seawater pH is expected to decrease globally (and pCO2 to increase), the rate of this change is predicted to be greater in high latitudes, and lower in tropical and subtropical waters (Fig. 1). The degree of change is also dependent on future anthropogenic ...
... central tropical Pacific (Fig. 2). Although seawater pH is expected to decrease globally (and pCO2 to increase), the rate of this change is predicted to be greater in high latitudes, and lower in tropical and subtropical waters (Fig. 1). The degree of change is also dependent on future anthropogenic ...
Resolving the lithosphereasthenosphere boundary with seismic
... Resolving LAB with Rayleigh waves The lithosphere is a thermal boundary layer with primarily conductive heat transfer through it; the asthenosphere is characterized by mainly advective heat transfer. The relatively stiff lithosphere makes up the tectonic plates that move coherently atop the softer ...
... Resolving LAB with Rayleigh waves The lithosphere is a thermal boundary layer with primarily conductive heat transfer through it; the asthenosphere is characterized by mainly advective heat transfer. The relatively stiff lithosphere makes up the tectonic plates that move coherently atop the softer ...
Evolution of the southeastern Lachlan Fold Belt in Victoria
... The Benambra Terrane of southeastern Australia is the eastern, allochthonous portion of the Lachlan Fold Belt with a distinctive Early Silurian to Early Devonian history. Its magmatic, metamorphic, structural, tectonic and stratigraphic histories are different from the adjacent, autochthonous Whitel ...
... The Benambra Terrane of southeastern Australia is the eastern, allochthonous portion of the Lachlan Fold Belt with a distinctive Early Silurian to Early Devonian history. Its magmatic, metamorphic, structural, tectonic and stratigraphic histories are different from the adjacent, autochthonous Whitel ...
KENT C. CONDIE
... of a conveyor belt as new lithosphere fills in the resulting crack or rift. The mosaic of plates, which range from 50 to over 200 km thick, are bounded by ocean ridges, subduction zones (in part coUisional boundaries), and transform faults (boundaries along which plates slide past each other) (Figur ...
... of a conveyor belt as new lithosphere fills in the resulting crack or rift. The mosaic of plates, which range from 50 to over 200 km thick, are bounded by ocean ridges, subduction zones (in part coUisional boundaries), and transform faults (boundaries along which plates slide past each other) (Figur ...
Geodynamic models of Cordilleran orogens
... accompanied by thickening of the deeper lithosphere. However, several observations indicate that the mantle lithosphere is not anomalously thick beneath most of the central Andes. Seismic tomography studies show that many parts of the orogen have anomalously low velocities in the shallow mantle (<10 ...
... accompanied by thickening of the deeper lithosphere. However, several observations indicate that the mantle lithosphere is not anomalously thick beneath most of the central Andes. Seismic tomography studies show that many parts of the orogen have anomalously low velocities in the shallow mantle (<10 ...
Volledig proefschrift
... heat. The heat budget of the Earth determines the vigor of mantle convection, the amount of mantle plume activity, and the type of the tectonic regime. The main heat sources in this system are primordial heat, which is the heat that the Earth obtained during its formation in the early solar system, ...
... heat. The heat budget of the Earth determines the vigor of mantle convection, the amount of mantle plume activity, and the type of the tectonic regime. The main heat sources in this system are primordial heat, which is the heat that the Earth obtained during its formation in the early solar system, ...
Marine Litter Distribution and Density in European Seas, from the
... Conservation Committee (JNCC), the Lenfest Ocean Program (PEW Foundation), the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform through Strategic Environmental Assessment 7 (formerly the Department for Trade and Industry) and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs through th ...
... Conservation Committee (JNCC), the Lenfest Ocean Program (PEW Foundation), the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform through Strategic Environmental Assessment 7 (formerly the Department for Trade and Industry) and the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs through th ...
chemical and physical dynamics of marine - DORAS
... Pockmarks are specific type of marine geological setting resembling craters or pits. They are considered surface expression of fluid flow in the marine subsurface. Pockmarks are widespread in the aquatic environment but the understanding of their formation mechanisms, relationship with marine macro- ...
... Pockmarks are specific type of marine geological setting resembling craters or pits. They are considered surface expression of fluid flow in the marine subsurface. Pockmarks are widespread in the aquatic environment but the understanding of their formation mechanisms, relationship with marine macro- ...
Role of the low-latitude ocean
... the discrepancy between the low-latitude sensitivity of box models and OGCMs. Archer et al. [2000b] suggested that diffusive mixing in OGCMs enhanced their low-latitude sensitivity, and showed that a 2-dimensional circulation model could be made to span the range of sensitivities of box models and O ...
... the discrepancy between the low-latitude sensitivity of box models and OGCMs. Archer et al. [2000b] suggested that diffusive mixing in OGCMs enhanced their low-latitude sensitivity, and showed that a 2-dimensional circulation model could be made to span the range of sensitivities of box models and O ...
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3000 and 6000 m. Lying generally between the foot of a continental rise and a mid-ocean ridge, abyssal plains cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. They are among the flattest, smoothest and least explored regions on Earth. Abyssal plains are key geologic elements of oceanic basins (the other elements being an elevated mid-ocean ridge and flanking abyssal hills). In addition to these elements, active oceanic basins (those that are associated with a moving plate tectonic boundary) also typically include an oceanic trench and a subduction zone.Abyssal plains were not recognized as distinct physiographic features of the sea floor until the late 1940s and, until very recently, none had been studied on a systematic basis. They are poorly preserved in the sedimentary record, because they tend to be consumed by the subduction process. The creation of the abyssal plain is the end result of spreading of the seafloor (plate tectonics) and melting of the lower oceanic crust. Magma rises from above the asthenosphere (a layer of the upper mantle) and as this basaltic material reaches the surface at mid-ocean ridges it forms new oceanic crust. This is constantly pulled sideways by spreading of the seafloor. Abyssal plains result from the blanketing of an originally uneven surface of oceanic crust by fine-grained sediments, mainly clay and silt. Much of this sediment is deposited by turbidity currents that have been channelled from the continental margins along submarine canyons down into deeper water. The remainder of the sediment is composed chiefly of pelagic sediments. Metallic nodules are common in some areas of the plains, with varying concentrations of metals, including manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. These nodules may provide a significant resource for future mining ventures.Owing in part to their vast size, abyssal plains are currently believed to be a major reservoir of biodiversity. The abyss also exerts significant influence upon ocean carbon cycling, dissolution of calcium carbonate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations over timescales of 100–1000 years. The structure and function of abyssal ecosystems are strongly influenced by the rate of flux of food to the seafloor and the composition of the material that settles. Factors such as climate change, fishing practices, and ocean fertilization are expected to have a substantial effect on patterns of primary production in the euphotic zone. This will undoubtedly impact the flux of organic material to the abyss in a similar manner and thus have a profound effect on the structure, function and diversity of abyssal ecosystems.