Fear conditioning model predicts key temporal
... in fear conditioning. Nine separate groups of rats received light–shock pairings at one of nine different conditioning ISIs (ranging from 0 to 51.2 sec). A 10th group, serving as the pseudoconditioning control, received unpaired presentations of the light and shock. During testing, each animal in al ...
... in fear conditioning. Nine separate groups of rats received light–shock pairings at one of nine different conditioning ISIs (ranging from 0 to 51.2 sec). A 10th group, serving as the pseudoconditioning control, received unpaired presentations of the light and shock. During testing, each animal in al ...
NORMATIVE AND PATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AVERSIVE
... Association, 2013), affecting nearly one third of the U.S. population at some point during the life span (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, & Walters, 2005). These disorders can have devastating effects on daily functioning and quality of life (Olatunji, Cisler, & Tolin, 2007), and are estimated to co ...
... Association, 2013), affecting nearly one third of the U.S. population at some point during the life span (Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, & Walters, 2005). These disorders can have devastating effects on daily functioning and quality of life (Olatunji, Cisler, & Tolin, 2007), and are estimated to co ...
Fear Conditioning and Reconsolidation
... snakes is hiking through the woods and gets attacked by a snake (unconditioned stimulus or ‘US’) in a patch of leaves, which causes a rustling sound (conditioned stimulus or ‘CS’), their fear response might manifest in paralyzing or freezing behavior (unconditioned response or ‘UR’). Because of the ...
... snakes is hiking through the woods and gets attacked by a snake (unconditioned stimulus or ‘US’) in a patch of leaves, which causes a rustling sound (conditioned stimulus or ‘CS’), their fear response might manifest in paralyzing or freezing behavior (unconditioned response or ‘UR’). Because of the ...
Principles and Applications of Pavlovian Conditioning
... approaches, Juliette compulsively returns to her apartment. Although her sister, her parents, or close friends sometimes visit during the evening, Juliette refuses any of their invitations to go out after dark. Several men—all seemingly pleasant, sociable, and handsome—have asked Juliette for dates ...
... approaches, Juliette compulsively returns to her apartment. Although her sister, her parents, or close friends sometimes visit during the evening, Juliette refuses any of their invitations to go out after dark. Several men—all seemingly pleasant, sociable, and handsome—have asked Juliette for dates ...
Fears, Phobias, and Preparedness: Toward an
... between predator and prey (see Hollis, 1982). From this perspective, it is likely that survival-relevant relationships between cues and consequences could be used by natural Selection to promote their preferential and selective association in the brains of animals (e.g., Bolles, 1970; Seligman, 1970 ...
... between predator and prey (see Hollis, 1982). From this perspective, it is likely that survival-relevant relationships between cues and consequences could be used by natural Selection to promote their preferential and selective association in the brains of animals (e.g., Bolles, 1970; Seligman, 1970 ...
SR associations, their extinction, and recovery in an animal model of
... acquiring fears (e.g., Poulton & Menzies, 2002) According to this account, fears are mostly innate and phobic reactions are caused by a failure in habituating these fears during development. All of the above may well be factors in some cases of no verbal recall of the basis of fears, but here we pur ...
... acquiring fears (e.g., Poulton & Menzies, 2002) According to this account, fears are mostly innate and phobic reactions are caused by a failure in habituating these fears during development. All of the above may well be factors in some cases of no verbal recall of the basis of fears, but here we pur ...
The birth, death and resurrection of avoidance
... definitions of fear were not used consistently. For some, fear remained a conscious feeling. Mowrer,10 for example, called for the return of consciousness to studies of animal behavior, arguing that rats freeze ‘by-cause of fear.’ Contemporary researchers such as Panksepp106,107 argue that the consci ...
... definitions of fear were not used consistently. For some, fear remained a conscious feeling. Mowrer,10 for example, called for the return of consciousness to studies of animal behavior, arguing that rats freeze ‘by-cause of fear.’ Contemporary researchers such as Panksepp106,107 argue that the consci ...
The birth, death and resurrection of avoidance: a
... definitions of fear were not used consistently. For some, fear remained a conscious feeling. Mowrer,10 for example, called for the return of consciousness to studies of animal behavior, arguing that rats freeze ‘by-cause of fear.’ Contemporary researchers such as Panksepp106,107 argue that the consci ...
... definitions of fear were not used consistently. For some, fear remained a conscious feeling. Mowrer,10 for example, called for the return of consciousness to studies of animal behavior, arguing that rats freeze ‘by-cause of fear.’ Contemporary researchers such as Panksepp106,107 argue that the consci ...
Acquisition of Behavioral Avoidance
... These results document that fearful individuals suffer costs due to their avoidant decisions. However, little is known about potential learning mechanisms for these avoidant decisions. The interaction of classical and operant conditioning has been a key toward understanding the development and maint ...
... These results document that fearful individuals suffer costs due to their avoidant decisions. However, little is known about potential learning mechanisms for these avoidant decisions. The interaction of classical and operant conditioning has been a key toward understanding the development and maint ...
Generalization of Fear Effects in Reinstatement to a Discrete Stimulus
... (UR). Eventually these CS-US pairings allow the CS to elicit a new learned response of fear (CR) independent of the US. This is a relatively easy response to condition in animals in controlled laboratory situations (Miller, 1948). If, after acquisition of the CR, the CS is presented repeatedly witho ...
... (UR). Eventually these CS-US pairings allow the CS to elicit a new learned response of fear (CR) independent of the US. This is a relatively easy response to condition in animals in controlled laboratory situations (Miller, 1948). If, after acquisition of the CR, the CS is presented repeatedly witho ...
http://www.uvm.edu/~neurogp/pdfs/Pav_Soc_2009.pdf
... Pavlov (1927) first reported that following appetitive conditioning of multiple stimuli, extinction of one CS attenuated responding to others which had not undergone any simple extinction (so-called “secondary extinction”). In three conditioned suppression experiments we investigated potential mecha ...
... Pavlov (1927) first reported that following appetitive conditioning of multiple stimuli, extinction of one CS attenuated responding to others which had not undergone any simple extinction (so-called “secondary extinction”). In three conditioned suppression experiments we investigated potential mecha ...
SOPHowland_01
... of training, two to three crushed pellets will be placed in the food cup and on the active lever. Rats will be trained under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule to a criterion of 50 presses in 30 mins, first for one lever, then the other (counterbalanced left/right between subjects). On subsequent days, rats w ...
... of training, two to three crushed pellets will be placed in the food cup and on the active lever. Rats will be trained under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule to a criterion of 50 presses in 30 mins, first for one lever, then the other (counterbalanced left/right between subjects). On subsequent days, rats w ...
2. Reinforcement of avoidance Through Reduction of Shock
... pressing a lever for food with occasional foot shock avoid shock by jumping on a platform but can not get any food while on the platform RPE (flooding): Removal of the platform (no shocks delivered) – initially increased fear-related freezing that subsequently extinguished • returning the platform t ...
... pressing a lever for food with occasional foot shock avoid shock by jumping on a platform but can not get any food while on the platform RPE (flooding): Removal of the platform (no shocks delivered) – initially increased fear-related freezing that subsequently extinguished • returning the platform t ...
Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational
... this problem; specifically, measures of PTSD and depression [as indexed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Beck Depression Index (BDI), respectively) may reflect overlapping symptoms of negative affect (18, 19). Similarly, the symptom dimensions used for a diagnosis may reflect ...
... this problem; specifically, measures of PTSD and depression [as indexed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and the Beck Depression Index (BDI), respectively) may reflect overlapping symptoms of negative affect (18, 19). Similarly, the symptom dimensions used for a diagnosis may reflect ...
Anxiety Disorders by Dr Sarma
... immediately after the experience, but, rather, months or years later ...
... immediately after the experience, but, rather, months or years later ...
Little Albert
... John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner carried one of the most influential psychology studies out in 1920. Psychologists and intro psychology students alike know the "Little Albert" study. The reason it is such a landmark study is because Watson was able to show that emotional responses could be conditio ...
... John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner carried one of the most influential psychology studies out in 1920. Psychologists and intro psychology students alike know the "Little Albert" study. The reason it is such a landmark study is because Watson was able to show that emotional responses could be conditio ...
Classical Conditioning
... unconditioned stimulus - unconditioned response contingency should be basic and instinctive. Students don’t actually have an instinctual fear of tests; rather, this is something that is itself classically conditioned at an earlier age. However, note one important thing about all these examples, whic ...
... unconditioned stimulus - unconditioned response contingency should be basic and instinctive. Students don’t actually have an instinctual fear of tests; rather, this is something that is itself classically conditioned at an earlier age. However, note one important thing about all these examples, whic ...
COMPLETE REVISION SUMMARY
... • It is difficult to protect and avoid harming someone who is being flooded ...
... • It is difficult to protect and avoid harming someone who is being flooded ...
avoidance behavior
... Independent Measurement of Fear During Acquisition of Avoidance Behavior • If fear motivates and reinforces avoidance responding, then the conditioning of fear and the conditioning of instrumental avoidance behavior should be highly correlated • However, the level of fear is not always positively c ...
... Independent Measurement of Fear During Acquisition of Avoidance Behavior • If fear motivates and reinforces avoidance responding, then the conditioning of fear and the conditioning of instrumental avoidance behavior should be highly correlated • However, the level of fear is not always positively c ...
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers
... • In order to be able to punish my cat even when I'm not near enough to reach him, I have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle. • The click is developing the same aversive properties as the water through Classical Conditio ...
... • In order to be able to punish my cat even when I'm not near enough to reach him, I have paired the sound of a clicker with getting squirted with water. Now the sound of the clicker causes him to startle. • The click is developing the same aversive properties as the water through Classical Conditio ...
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
... version of a gene developed depression, compared to only 17 percent with another version of the gene, say researchers funded, in part, by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Those with the “short,” or stress-sensitive, version of the serotonin transporter gene were also at higher risk fo ...
... version of a gene developed depression, compared to only 17 percent with another version of the gene, say researchers funded, in part, by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Those with the “short,” or stress-sensitive, version of the serotonin transporter gene were also at higher risk fo ...
Anxiety Disorders
... Personality – The personality trait of neuroticism has been linked to anxiety disorders, and stress appears to precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. Figure 14.8: Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders. Eysenck and his colleagues (1991) compared how subjects with anxiety problems and nonanxious ...
... Personality – The personality trait of neuroticism has been linked to anxiety disorders, and stress appears to precipitate the onset of anxiety disorders. Figure 14.8: Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders. Eysenck and his colleagues (1991) compared how subjects with anxiety problems and nonanxious ...
PSY 110 Chapter 7
... Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus e.g., A fear of a specific dog may generalize to a fear of all dogs Wat ...
... Basic Processes in Classical Conditioning Stimulus generalization occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus e.g., A fear of a specific dog may generalize to a fear of all dogs Wat ...
Fear
Fear is an emotion induced by a threat perceived by living entities, which causes a change in brain and organ function and ultimately a change in behavior, such as running away, hiding or freezing from traumatic events. Fear may occur in response to a specific stimulus happening in the present, or to a future situation, which is perceived as risk to health or life, status, power, security, or, in the case of humans, wealth or anything held valuable. The fear response arises from the perception of danger leading to confrontation with or escape from/avoiding the threat (also known as the fight-or-flight response), which in extreme cases of fear (horror and terror) can be a freeze response or paralysis. In humans and animals, fear is modulated by the process of cognition and learning. Thus fear is judged as rational or appropriate and irrational or inappropriate. An irrational fear is called a phobia.Psychologists such as John B. Watson, Robert Plutchik, and Paul Ekman have suggested that there is only a small set of basic or innate emotions and that fear is one of them. This hypothesized set includes such emotions as joy, sadness, fright, dread, horror, panic, anxiety, acute stress reaction and anger.Fear is closely related to, but should be distinguished from, the emotion ""anxiety"", which occurs as the result of threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable.The fear response serves survival by generating appropriate behavioral responses, so it has been preserved throughout evolution.