Genetic Characterisation of Human ABO Blood
... meaningful nomenclature for different blood groups as shown in Table 2 (Daniels et al., 2003; 2004; Storry & Olsson, 2004). Every valid blood group antigen is given a six digit identification number, according to the following categorization: - Blood group systems; one or more antigens governed eith ...
... meaningful nomenclature for different blood groups as shown in Table 2 (Daniels et al., 2003; 2004; Storry & Olsson, 2004). Every valid blood group antigen is given a six digit identification number, according to the following categorization: - Blood group systems; one or more antigens governed eith ...
Journal of Autoimmunity
... significant proportion of T2D patients exhibited T-cell proliferation when exposed to human islet preparations [20]. To analyze our data more stringently, we assessed cytokine production against the DR4-restricted epitopes (PIC19eA3 & IA-2752e þ 775) in only DR4 subjects (T1D n ¼ 19, T2D n ¼ 4). As w ...
... significant proportion of T2D patients exhibited T-cell proliferation when exposed to human islet preparations [20]. To analyze our data more stringently, we assessed cytokine production against the DR4-restricted epitopes (PIC19eA3 & IA-2752e þ 775) in only DR4 subjects (T1D n ¼ 19, T2D n ¼ 4). As w ...
Anti-idiotypes and Immunity
... may underline autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis, which stem from an immunological attack on the body itself. These interactions, known as idiotype-anti-idiotype reactions, can be exploited to manipulate the immune system. ...
... may underline autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis, which stem from an immunological attack on the body itself. These interactions, known as idiotype-anti-idiotype reactions, can be exploited to manipulate the immune system. ...
A Selective Sweep Driven by Pyrimethamine Treatment in Southeast
... pyrimethamine treatment (Clyde and Shute 1957; Doumbo et al. 2000), and the mutations involved can be selected readily in the laboratory (Paget-McNicol and Saul 2001), it is generally assumed that dhfr mutations underlying resistance evolve multiple times in nature (but see Cortese et al. [2002]). I ...
... pyrimethamine treatment (Clyde and Shute 1957; Doumbo et al. 2000), and the mutations involved can be selected readily in the laboratory (Paget-McNicol and Saul 2001), it is generally assumed that dhfr mutations underlying resistance evolve multiple times in nature (but see Cortese et al. [2002]). I ...
glo-3, a novel Caenorhabditis elegans gene, is required for lysosome
... expression initiates in embryonic intestinal precursors and persists almost exclusively in intestinal cells through adulthood. GLO-3::GFP localizes to the gut granule membrane, suggesting it could play a direct role in the trafficking events at the gut granule. smg-1(-) suppression of glo-3(-) non-s ...
... expression initiates in embryonic intestinal precursors and persists almost exclusively in intestinal cells through adulthood. GLO-3::GFP localizes to the gut granule membrane, suggesting it could play a direct role in the trafficking events at the gut granule. smg-1(-) suppression of glo-3(-) non-s ...
From RNA to protein
... Perspectives: Enzymes are catalytic and heterozygotes usually produce enough enzyme to give normal phenotypes. This is the basis for complete dominance. However, upon closer examination, there are often measurable differences between homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals. Thus, the level ...
... Perspectives: Enzymes are catalytic and heterozygotes usually produce enough enzyme to give normal phenotypes. This is the basis for complete dominance. However, upon closer examination, there are often measurable differences between homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals. Thus, the level ...
Epigenetic Interactions among Three dTph1
... (A) Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified excision products generated by the transposon in class 1 an3 alleles. For each an3 allele, the position of the insertion is indicated by an arrow, and the direction is as given in Figure 1. The target site duplications flanking the transposon are underlined. Ex ...
... (A) Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified excision products generated by the transposon in class 1 an3 alleles. For each an3 allele, the position of the insertion is indicated by an arrow, and the direction is as given in Figure 1. The target site duplications flanking the transposon are underlined. Ex ...
Bioanalytical chemistry
... The agglutination or precipitation reaction is affected by the number of binding sites that each antibody has for antigen, and by the maximum number of antibodies that can be bound by an antigen molecule or particle at any one time. These quantities are defined as the valence of the antibody and the ...
... The agglutination or precipitation reaction is affected by the number of binding sites that each antibody has for antigen, and by the maximum number of antibodies that can be bound by an antigen molecule or particle at any one time. These quantities are defined as the valence of the antibody and the ...
Xenopus in the Amphibian Ancestral Organization of the MHC
... DDAH2 and NOTCH4 or their paralogues found on human chromosomes 1, 9, and 19 (5). Their location within the MHC makes it likely that they are the orthologues of the MHC-encoded human genes. Conversely, several genes were found in the Xenopus MHC that are present on different chromosomes in the human ...
... DDAH2 and NOTCH4 or their paralogues found on human chromosomes 1, 9, and 19 (5). Their location within the MHC makes it likely that they are the orthologues of the MHC-encoded human genes. Conversely, several genes were found in the Xenopus MHC that are present on different chromosomes in the human ...
Epigenetic Interactions among Three dTph1 Transposons in Two
... (A) Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified excision products generated by the transposon in class 1 an3 alleles. For each an3 allele, the position of the insertion is indicated by an arrow, and the direction is as given in Figure 1. The target site duplications flanking the transposon are underlined. Ex ...
... (A) Sequence analysis of PCR-amplified excision products generated by the transposon in class 1 an3 alleles. For each an3 allele, the position of the insertion is indicated by an arrow, and the direction is as given in Figure 1. The target site duplications flanking the transposon are underlined. Ex ...
Relation Between HLA-G Gene Null Allele (HLA
... HLA-G, like other class I genes, has 8 exons: exon 1 encodes a signal peptide, exons 2, 3, and 4, encode extracellular globular domains (α1, α2 and α3 domains, respectively), exon 5 encodes membrane-anchored domain and exons 6 and 7 encode one intracytoplasmic domain (16). α1 and α2 domains create t ...
... HLA-G, like other class I genes, has 8 exons: exon 1 encodes a signal peptide, exons 2, 3, and 4, encode extracellular globular domains (α1, α2 and α3 domains, respectively), exon 5 encodes membrane-anchored domain and exons 6 and 7 encode one intracytoplasmic domain (16). α1 and α2 domains create t ...
STATISTICAL GENETICS `98 Transmission Disequilibrium, Family
... to a stratified population, so it avoids spurious associations that can arise when one is sampling cases and unrelated controls. Because the HRR and TDT methods can be applied to the same data, these two methods are often confused with each other, but they are not equally applicable in all circumsta ...
... to a stratified population, so it avoids spurious associations that can arise when one is sampling cases and unrelated controls. Because the HRR and TDT methods can be applied to the same data, these two methods are often confused with each other, but they are not equally applicable in all circumsta ...
Linear Dominance Relationship among Four Class
... phenotype, usually a mutant phenotype. By using recent molecular techniques, two of Mendel’s genes have been identified (Bhattacharyya et al. 1990, Lester et al. 1997). In the case of the recessive allele on the R (rugosus) locus, there was a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding a starch-bra ...
... phenotype, usually a mutant phenotype. By using recent molecular techniques, two of Mendel’s genes have been identified (Bhattacharyya et al. 1990, Lester et al. 1997). In the case of the recessive allele on the R (rugosus) locus, there was a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding a starch-bra ...
Genetic Polymorphisms of Cytochromes P450: CYP2C9, CYP2C19
... be performed to allow a 99% sensitive prediction of poor or ultrarapid metabolizers in the clinical routine. The polymorphism in CYP2C family is important because these enzymes act on some very important drugs: anticonvulsants, antidiabetics, anticoagulants, antidepressants, antimalarial, nonsteroid ...
... be performed to allow a 99% sensitive prediction of poor or ultrarapid metabolizers in the clinical routine. The polymorphism in CYP2C family is important because these enzymes act on some very important drugs: anticonvulsants, antidiabetics, anticoagulants, antidepressants, antimalarial, nonsteroid ...
Immune Recognition HLA-E, F, and G in Maternal
... Screening was done using HLA-F complex added to 96-well plates at 1.2 g/ml, and plates were incubated overnight at 4°C. After the uncoupled sites were blocked with 5% skim milk in PBS, 100 l of hybridoma supernatant was added to each well. HRP-goat anti-mouse was added at 1/2000 dilution in PBS/Tw ...
... Screening was done using HLA-F complex added to 96-well plates at 1.2 g/ml, and plates were incubated overnight at 4°C. After the uncoupled sites were blocked with 5% skim milk in PBS, 100 l of hybridoma supernatant was added to each well. HRP-goat anti-mouse was added at 1/2000 dilution in PBS/Tw ...
Instructions for use
... as the scheme has only been in its current form since 2012. Data from pairs and altruistic donors that have entered the scheme were selected randomly with replacement to join the simulated scheme. Matching runs were performed that simulated 3 years in the scheme, and this was repeated 10 times. Pair ...
... as the scheme has only been in its current form since 2012. Data from pairs and altruistic donors that have entered the scheme were selected randomly with replacement to join the simulated scheme. Matching runs were performed that simulated 3 years in the scheme, and this was repeated 10 times. Pair ...
Major Histocompatibility Complex Heterozygosity Reduces Fitness
... overdominant. This indicates that, contrary to common belief, the observed HA in population studies might be due to dominance rather than overdominance. HA due to dominance does not promote diversity, although it could explain the adaptive function of MHC-disassortative mating preferences, another m ...
... overdominant. This indicates that, contrary to common belief, the observed HA in population studies might be due to dominance rather than overdominance. HA due to dominance does not promote diversity, although it could explain the adaptive function of MHC-disassortative mating preferences, another m ...
Detecting Marker-Disease Association by Testing for Hardy
... (Boehnke 1994). Glaser et al. (1995) illustrate this approach in a search for the gene responsible for familiar hyperinsulinism. In the absence of high penetrance or sufficient numbers of patients, linkage-disequilibrium methods in isolated populations have been used. Hästbacka et al. (1992) used l ...
... (Boehnke 1994). Glaser et al. (1995) illustrate this approach in a search for the gene responsible for familiar hyperinsulinism. In the absence of high penetrance or sufficient numbers of patients, linkage-disequilibrium methods in isolated populations have been used. Hästbacka et al. (1992) used l ...
Cryptic T-Cell Epitopes and their Role in the
... mechanisms which provide lymphocytes with access to such autoantigens are therefore fundamental in creating the opportunity for autoimmune responses to develop. It has long been thought that the tissue or cellular location of some selfproteins may determine that they are normally `hidden' from immun ...
... mechanisms which provide lymphocytes with access to such autoantigens are therefore fundamental in creating the opportunity for autoimmune responses to develop. It has long been thought that the tissue or cellular location of some selfproteins may determine that they are normally `hidden' from immun ...
1 Transmission Disequilibrium Methods for Family
... evaluation of candidate genes (genes with known function as likely candidates related to the disease). Association studies - often used to evaluate candidate genes - typically are based on the case-control study design with unrelated subjects. The finding of a greater frequency of a marker allele am ...
... evaluation of candidate genes (genes with known function as likely candidates related to the disease). Association studies - often used to evaluate candidate genes - typically are based on the case-control study design with unrelated subjects. The finding of a greater frequency of a marker allele am ...
Antigen-Antibody Interaction
... External antigens that may cause disease in the host organism are called pathogens. Pathogens are typically microorganisms like viral, bacterial, and parasite antigens. Auto-antigens or self-antigens are tissues of the host that trigger an immune response and may be a signal of autoimmune disease. T ...
... External antigens that may cause disease in the host organism are called pathogens. Pathogens are typically microorganisms like viral, bacterial, and parasite antigens. Auto-antigens or self-antigens are tissues of the host that trigger an immune response and may be a signal of autoimmune disease. T ...
Genomic analysis of clinical samples with serologic ABO blood
... primer pairs 2 to 5 was performed as follows: For one reaction 2 pmol of each primer (Table 2) was mixed with 200 ng genomic DNA, 4 nmol of each dNTP, and 1 U AmpliTaq Gold (Perkin-Elmer/Roche molecular system, Branchburg, NJ) in the buffer supplied. The final volume was 20 L. Thermocycling was und ...
... primer pairs 2 to 5 was performed as follows: For one reaction 2 pmol of each primer (Table 2) was mixed with 200 ng genomic DNA, 4 nmol of each dNTP, and 1 U AmpliTaq Gold (Perkin-Elmer/Roche molecular system, Branchburg, NJ) in the buffer supplied. The final volume was 20 L. Thermocycling was und ...
Evolution of Primate ABO Blood Group Genes
... There are three common alleles (A, B, and 0) at the human ABO blood group locus. We compared nucleotide sequences of these alleles, and relatively large numbers of nucleotide differences were found among them. These differences correspond to the divergence time of at least a few million years, which ...
... There are three common alleles (A, B, and 0) at the human ABO blood group locus. We compared nucleotide sequences of these alleles, and relatively large numbers of nucleotide differences were found among them. These differences correspond to the divergence time of at least a few million years, which ...
Not all mutant phenotypes are equally informative. Forward genetics
... fact: it’s easier to mess things up than to make them better ...
... fact: it’s easier to mess things up than to make them better ...
ovo D1
... Mutations: the lifeblood of genetic analysis a Morgan "student": (1) What kinds can we make? (functional categories) Herman Muller (1930s): inferred how mutations can affect gene functioning. ...
... Mutations: the lifeblood of genetic analysis a Morgan "student": (1) What kinds can we make? (functional categories) Herman Muller (1930s): inferred how mutations can affect gene functioning. ...
Human leukocyte antigen
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is the locus of genes that encode for proteins on the surface of cells that are responsible for regulation of the immune system in humans. This group of genes resides on chromosome 6 (exception: the gene for β2-microglobulin which is located on chromosome 15), and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins and has many other functions. The HLA genes are the human versions of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes that are found in most vertebrates (and thus are the most studied of the MHC genes). The proteins encoded by certain genes are also known as antigens, as a result of their historic discovery as factors in organ transplants. The major HLAs are essential elements for immune function. Different classes have different functions:HLAs corresponding to MHC class I (A, B, and C) present peptides from inside the cell. For example, if the cell is infected by a virus, the HLA system brings fragments of the virus to the surface of the cell so that the cell can be destroyed by the immune system. These peptides are produced from digested proteins that are broken down in the proteasomes. In general, these particular peptides are small polymers, about 9 amino acids in length. Foreign antigens presented by MHC class I attract killer T-cells (also called CD8 positive- or cytotoxic T-cells) that destroy cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class II (DP, DM, DOA, DOB, DQ, and DR) present antigens from outside of the cell to T-lymphocytes. These particular antigens stimulate the multiplication of T-helper cells, which in turn stimulate antibody-producing B-cells to produce antibodies to that specific antigen. Self-antigens are suppressed by regulatory T cells.HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.HLAs have other roles. They are important in disease defense. They are the major cause of organ transplant rejections. They may protect against or fail to protect (if down-regulated by an infection) against cancers. Mutations in HLA may be linked to autoimmune disease (examples: type I diabetes, coeliac disease). HLA may also be related to people's perception of the odor of other people, and may be involved in mate selection, as at least one study found a lower-than-expected rate of HLA similarity between spouses in an isolated community.Aside from the genes encoding the 6 major antigen-presenting proteins, there are a large number of other genes, many involved in immune function, located on the HLA complex. Diversity of HLAs in the human population is one aspect of disease defense, and, as a result, the chance of two unrelated individuals with identical HLA molecules on all loci is very low. HLA genes have historically been identified as a result of the ability to successfully transplant organs between HLA-similar individuals.